Menurut Hirschman, paradigma pembangunan selalu menganggap pertumbuhan dan pemerataan akan selalu dinikmati masyarakat sampai ke lapisan yang paling bawah melalui proses tetesan ke bawah (trickle down effect). Namun, dari pengalaman pembangunan dalam tiga dasawarsa (1940-1970), realita yang terjadi adalah rakyat di lapisan bawah tidak menikmati kucuran hasil pembangunan tersebut, seperti yang diharapkan. (Mardikanto, 2013: 14) Harapan ideal pada proses pembangunan masyarakat (People Centered Development) yang menempatkan masyarakat sebagai pusat perhatian sekaligus sebagai pelaku utama pembangunan, seringkali tidak tercapai. pada kenyataannya masih banyak kelompok masyarakat atau suku yang terpinggirkan yang tampak jelas sangat kesulitan untuk ikut berpartisipasi dalam proses pembangunan tersebut. Tidak jarang suara mereka disisihkan. Institusi-institusi lokal yang ada pun mengalami keterbatasan dalam hal menyuarakan aspirasi rakyatnya sendiri.

The multiple roles of women has a significant impact on the shift in function and values in the family. In addition to carrying out domestic and reproductive functions, women also function as a source of production in the family. Even so, women often get abused by their husbands. Therefore, this study intends to describe the factors causing the multiple roles of women in poor households in urban cities. Methodologically, this research uses a qualitative approach through case studies. The research data were obtained through observation and in-depth interviews with informants of three cases of poor households. After all data have been collected, the descriptive qualitative data analysis is then performed. The results of the study revealed that the causes of women in three poor households had multiple roles, namely; lack of husband's income, exploitation of women, domestic violence, and cultural factors. Thus it was concluded that women in poor households in urban areas who have multiple roles are manifestations of gender inequity at the expense of women. Therefore, women's empowerment movement and education on the role of household division are needed so that men and women can perform functions in a balanced manner.

Objective: to analyze the complexity of marginalization faced by the Kokoda Tribe in Sorong, Southwest Papua.   Theoretical framework: The Gramsci's theory of hegemony explains that the dominance of intellectual and moral leadership by the ruling class caused the complexity of marginalization.   Methods: qualitative research with a critical ethnographic approach. Data were found through field observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data were processed through the stages of ethnographic discovery, making ethnographic notes, and ethnographic descriptions. Data were analyzed through four stages: domain analysis, taxonomy analysis, component analysis, and theme analysis.   Results and conclusion: the complexity of marginalization of the Kokoda Tribe, including psychological marginalization: negative stereotypes such as destroyers of nature, criminals, and low work ethic. Political marginalization: political monopoly and political victimization. Economic marginalization: jobs that only come from nature, such as stone breaking and selling mangroves. Social marginalization: ostracism and limited information. Educational marginalization: very low education. The vicious circle of marginalization experienced by the Kokoda Tribe is the result of the hegemony of the dominant group's power.   Research implications: Suggestions to the government, academics, and social institutions to help improve the quality of life of the Kokoda Tribe who are independent, dignified, and able to create a sustainable living environment.   Originality: The causes of marginalization are not always external, but can also be internal, such as the domination of indigenous Papuan ruling groups.

The research aims to determine the implementation of Radar print media on press freedom in the journalistic code of ethics, knowing the content of political news in text analysis, and find out the violations of the journalistic code of ethics in political reporting in the Radar Sorong print media. This type of research is qualitative by using the text analysis approach of Robert Entman's model. Data is collected through literature studies or texts from news content, field observations, and interviews. The results showed that the implementation of Radar Sorong's print media on press freedom in the journalistic code of ethics was maximal. Meanwhile, based on Robert Entman's framing model analysis, print media journalists are still framing news that only involves one party. Through the framing analysis, the researcher quickly concludes that the violation of the journalistic code of ethics that journalists are still carrying out from the print media Radar Sorong is Article 1, namely "Indonesian journalists must act independently, produce news that is accurate, balanced, and does not have bad intentions." Thus, the freedom of the press in the Radar Sorong print media has not been fully accounted for and is still separated from the control of the journalistic code of ethics.

The essence of social justice in development, as the nation's ideal, is ideally present to provide changes for the better to all people without exception. However, in reality, there are still social inequalities in development, such as those experienced by the Kokoda Tribe in Southwest Papua. The research aims to find out the pattern of hegemony experienced by the Kokoda Tribe. Therefore, the type of research used is qualitative. Qualitative research emphasizes the socially constructed nature of reality. The data analysis process was carried out during the research. Each observation and interview was followed by an interpretation process by connecting one meaning with another. The results show that the hegemony that occurs in the Kokoda Tribe takes place through four patterns, namely: Domination pattern, intellectual hegemony pattern, moral hegemony pattern, and spiral hegemony pattern. The marginalization experienced by the Kokoda Tribe does not occur naturally but is the result of hegemony patterns, namely the existence of a dominant class that constructs the whole life of society.