Propolis is a natural product of plant resins collected by honeybees from various plant sources. It is used as a remedy in folk medicine since ancient times because of its several biological and pharmacological properties. Recently, propolis has been used by dentist to treat various oral diseases. It was always mentioned as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cytokines are proteins that provide communication between cells and play a critical role in a wide variety of processes. It released from cells in an inflammatory process that active, mediate or potential actions of other cells or tissues. When dental pulp has inflammation, several pro-inflammatory cytokines including Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was released by innate immune cells. To analyse the expression of IL-6 on inflamed rat dental pulp tissue following application of propolis. sp. propolis was obtained from Luwu Regency, south Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Flavonoid and non-flavonoid extracts were purified from propolis using thin layer chromatography. The study was applied on 80 male rats, 10-12 weeks of age, divided randomly and equally into 5 groups. Group I, as negative control group was not conducted any treatment. At group II, III, IV and V. A Class I cavity (Black Classification) were made on the occlusal surface of right maxillary first molar. The dental pulp was perforated using dental explorer and allowed in the oral environment for 1 h, after that, Ethanolic Extract Propolis (EEP) (Group II), Extract Flavonoid-Propolis (EFP) (Group III), Extract Non-Flavonoid Propolis (ENFP) (Group IV), or Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)) (Group V) were applied on dental pulp. All cavities were then filled with Glass Ionomer Cement as permanent filling. The rats being sacrificed in 6 h, 2 days, 4 days and 7 days. Sample biopsy were obtained, IL-6 expression was detected by using immunohistochemistry method. Data was analyzed statistically using Freidman and Kruskal Wallis tests with significance level of < 0.05. All agent showed IL-6 expression in inflamed rat dental pulp tissue, and this expression was decreased with the longer of observation time periods. EEP more stronger to decreased IL-6 expression on inflamed rat dental pulp tissue than other agent. There is significant difference ( < 0.05) of IL-6 expression between group I and other groups in 6 h and 2 days but not in 4 and 7 days time periods. sp. propolis from south Sulawesi, Indonesia could suppressed the expression of IL-6 on inflamed rat dental pulp tissue.

Objective : Dental pain is a common symptom that most often causes patient to seek dentist. A survey conducted by the American Association of Endodontics revealed that more than half patients who come to dentist have experienced pain, which originate from the teeth or of the surrounding tissue, can causes difficulties in handling, also the anxiety of the patient. Understanding the pain experienced by patient will help dentist to determine when to make an action. Most patient being fear with pain, so they delay to get treatment from dentist, and lead to the development of further infection and inflammation. The aim of this paper is to improve the understanding of pharmacology and procedures for pain and anxiety management in endodontic treatment. So, it is important to determine accurate diagnosis, management and drug administration.

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Objective: This study aims to evaluate effective difference between convex triangular and rectangular cross section rotary instruments on root canal with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) colonies. Material and Methods: Samples of mandibular premolar teeth with one narrow and straight root canal were divided into 3 groups: instrumented with convex triangular cross section rotary instruments, rectangular cross section rotary instruments, and convex triangular cross section manual instruments. Each group consisted of nine samples. Standardized teeth length, instrumented to #15 K-file and sterilized. E. faecalis suspension in BHIB was standardized and then 27 root canals were contaminated. Root canals were incubated for 21 days. Every 48 hours root canals were added with BHIB. Initial samples were collected, plated in agar culture medium and incubated for bacterial count and then bacterial count was performed again. Data were collected and analyzed using Paired T-test and ANOVA test. Results: This indicates that there is a significant difference of the average number in colonies of E. faecalis before and after the instrumentation on the utilization of the rotary instrument in cross section of rectangular, convex triangular, and cross section manual of convex triangular. Conclusion: Showed there are significant differences on E. faecalis colonies amount before and after all instruments that was used and bacterial reduction amount in root canals were greater on convex triangular cross section instruments than on rectangular cross section instruments even though there was no significant difference.