Background: The molecular pathogenesis of severity of illness in typhoid fever is poorly understood.Previous studies have found a direct relationship between flagellar function as determined by motility, and invasiveness in Salmonella species. A previous study revealed that the Hj flagellin genes association of decreased severity of illness, motility and invasiveness of bacteria and compared with Hd flagellin genes. However the role of flagella in in-vivo virulence however remains more controversial. Objectives: In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms behind severity of typhoid fever in relation with flagellin genes variation, we conducted a prospective and retrospective study to describe the clinical sign & symptoms, flagellin genes variations among from acute and carrier state of typhoid fever patients. Methods: 187 genomic DNA of S. typhi strains from culture of 141 acute typhoid fever and feces of 46 carriers state of typhoid fever who enrolled in several primary health care and hospitals in endemic area of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. All isolate were examine the Hd, Hj, z66 and z66 Ind of flagellin genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: The results of this study revealed that predominant in severity of illness in both acute and carriers state of typhoid fever belong Hd + and Hd + z66 Ind + in endemic area of Indonesia. Conclusion: Hd + and Hd + z66 Ind + flagellin gene variation are related to clinical severity of acute typhoid fever.

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Background: Thrombotic complications of COVID-19 are a worrisome aspect of the disease due to its high incidence in critically ill patients and poor clinical manifestations. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the effectiveness of heparin administration and complications of hypercoagulation in hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19.Method: This research was analytically observational. The study design used was a retrospective cohort approach of pre- and post-tests. This study used secondary data taken from medical records of inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 at Islamic Hospital Jakarta Sukapura. The total sampling technique was used. Result: There were 98 study subjects, with 35 patients receiving UFH and 63 patients receiving LMWH (fondaparinux). Most of the subjects were women (52%), with the most common age group being >60 years (30.6%). In the UFH group, the greatest decrease (0.01±0.5 g FEU/mL) was observed in 12 patients (34.3%). In the LMWH group (fondaparinux), the greatest decrease (0.01±0.5 g FEU/mL) was observed in 15 patients (23.8%). Additionally, there was no significant difference between UFH and fondaparinux (p 0.193) in hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 for the period of August 2020 – August 2021. Most inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 at RSIJ Sukapura were aged 50-59 years and were women. Conclusion: There was a tendency toward increased D-dimer values, normal PT values, normal APTT values, and increased fibrinogen values in each COVID-19 patient, but there was no statistically significant relationship. There was also no significant relationship between the D-dimer and APTT parameters, whereas the PT parameter showed a significant relationship in confirmed COVID-19 inpatients.