This paper briefly reviews how to derive and interpret coefficients of spatial regression models, including topics of direct and indirect (spatial spillover) effects. These topics have been addressed in the spatial econometric literature over the past 5-6 years, but often at a level sometimes difficult for students new to the field. Our goal is to overcome this handicap by carefully presenting the mathematics behind these spatial effects and clearly illustrating how they work using two small fictive datasets and one large dataset with real data. The motivation for the paper is primarily pedagogical. Theoretical and conceptual impediments associated with the application of procedures are discussed.
There has been a remarkable decline in the number of Catholics in Brazil over the last few decades, a fact that is attributed to the growth of Pentecostal churches and to an increase in the number of people with no religious affiliation. We analyzed the age, period, and cohort effects associated with religious affiliation in Brazil from 1980 to 2010, applying the Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort and Cross-Classified Random Effects Model. We observed that age effects were significant but low for Catholics and Pentecostals, and were substantial for those with no religious affiliation, with a negative relationship. For these first two religious affiliations, period effects were of greater magnitude with clear trends: negative for Catholics and positive for Pentecostals. Cohort effects were significant for all three affiliations, but magnitudes were lower than the other two effects. We also verified that the likelihood of being a Pentecostal decreased with formal education, and the opposite occurred for persons with no religious affiliation. These effects, however, were smaller for younger cohorts, possibly due to the reduced social selectivity of recent students pursuing higher education and the increase in overall levels of education.
IntroduçãoO desenvolvimento regional pode ser analisado a partir de diversas abordagens e perspectivas (NEARY, 2001;SCOTT, 2004), entre as quais inclui-se aquela que ressalta que os sistemas produtivos no capitalismo contemporâneo focam-se, cada vez mais, no processamento de informações e símbo-los e em aspectos gerenciais para serviços culturais. Portanto, segundo essa perspectiva, estudos regionais deveriam incorporar aspectos econômicos e culturais conjuntamente. Assim, análises que tratam da performance produtiva espacial ou da produtividade e crescimento regionais deveriam ser abordadas a partir do estudo da relação entre esses dois aspectos, com a cooperação e síntese de estudos da geografia econômica e da geografia cultural (SCOTT, 2004).Seguindo essa perspectiva, um importante fator em estudos sobre desenvolvimento e diversidade regionais seria a distribuição espacial de capital humano e de indivíduos criativos 1 (FLORIDA, 2002a). Como destacado no livro de Jacobs (2001), as cidades são decisivas na atração, aglomeração e mobilização de pessoas criativas. O ponto-chave para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de cidades e de regiões seria o aumento na produtividade associado com a aglomeração de capital humano ou de pessoas qualificadas e criativas. Desta
ResumoO consumo de cultura é uma atividade intensiva em tempo, de modo que as escolhas ligadas a esta ação são restritas tanto pela renda quanto pelo tempo disponível para o consumo. Este artigo combina duas bases de dados secundários, a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares e a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, para discutir a alocação de tempo e o consumo de bens e serviços culturais no Brasil. Os resultados sugerem que a disponibilidade de tempo é positivamente correlacionada ao consumo cultural. No entanto, nível de escolaridade e participação no mercado de trabalho são determinantes decisivos do gasto em cultura. Dados esses resultados, os baixos níveis de consumo de cultura no Brasil são possivelmente mais relacionados à ausência de hábito que à ausência de tempo ou de recursos monetários.Palavras-chave economia da cultura; consumo cultural; alocação de tempo.Códigos JEL Z10; Z11. AbstractConsumption of culture is a time intensive activity; therefore, individuals might face not only income constraints, but also time limitations to consume culture. In order to shed light on this topic, the paper combined two different databases to discuss time allocation and the consumption of cultural activities in Brazil. The results suggest that time availability is positively associated with cultural consumption. However, schooling levels and labor market participation are decisive determinants of cultural expenditure. Given these results, the low levels of culture consumption in Brazil are possibly more related to the lack of habit than specifi cally with the lack of time or monetary resources.
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