We consider deflation and augmentation techniques for accelerating the convergence of Krylov subspace methods for the solution of nonsingular linear algebraic systems. Despite some formal similarity, the two techniques are conceptually different from preconditioning. Deflation (in the sense the term is used here) "removes" certain parts from the operator making it singular, while augmentation adds a subspace to the Krylov subspace (often the one that is generated by the singular operator); in contrast, preconditioning changes the spectrum of the operator without making it singular. Deflation and augmentation have been used in a variety of methods and settings. Typically, deflation is combined with augmentation to compensate for the singularity of the operator, but both techniques can be applied separately.We introduce a framework of Krylov subspace methods that satisfy a Galerkin condition. It includes the families of orthogonal residual (OR) and minimal residual (MR) methods. We show that in this framework augmentation can be achieved either explicitly or, equivalently, implicitly by projecting the residuals appropriately and correcting the approximate solutions in a final step. We study conditions for a breakdown of the deflated methods, and we show several possibilities to avoid such breakdowns for the deflated MinRes method. Numerical experiments illustrate properties of different variants of deflated MinRes analyzed in this paper.

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The authors propose a recycling Krylov subspace method for the solution of a sequence of self-adjoint linear systems. Such problems appear, for example, in the Newton process for solving nonlinear equations. Ritz vectors are automatically extracted from one MINRES run and then used for self-adjoint deflation in the next. The method is designed to work with arbitrary inner products and arbitrary self-adjoint positive-definite preconditioners whose inverse can be computed with high accuracy. Numerical experiments with nonlinear Schrödinger equations indicate a substantial decrease in computation time when recycling is used.

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