RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar, com este trabalho, o impacto dos herbicidas ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium, isolados ou em mistura, e 2,4-D na atividade dos microrganismos solubilizadores de fosfato inorgânico e a densidade populacional de bactérias e fungos do solo rizosférico de cana-de-açúcar. Plantas de cana-de-açúcar com três a quatro folhas completamente expandidas foram aspergidas com soluções de 2,4-D, ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium e ametryn+trifloxysulfuron-sodium nas doses de 1,30; 1,00; 0,0225; e 1,463+0,0375 kg ha, respectivamente. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram avaliados os efeitos dos herbicidas e, nas subparcelas, o efeito tempo após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após a aplicação (DAA), amostras de solos rizosférico e não-rizosférico foram coletadas e, em seguida, analisadas estimando-se a densidade populacional de bactérias e fungos, a atividade potencial de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico e a solubilização relativa de fosfato inorgânico. O 2,4-D reduziu a densidade populacional bacteriana do solo em todas as épocas de avaliação, demonstrando a maior sensibilidade desse grupo de organismos a esse composto. Todos os herbicidas provocaram redução na densidade populacional fúngica do solo somente aos 15 DAA. O trifloxysulfuron-sodium e o 2,4-D favoreceram as maiores atividades de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico aos 15, 30 e 45 DAA e aos 15 e 30 DAA, respectivamente, sem, no entanto, afetar a biomassa microbiana do solo. Maior solubilização relativa de fosfato inorgânico foi observada em amostras de solos tratados com a mistura ametryn+trifloxysulfuron-sodium, indicando alterações no sistema solo. Este trabalho evidenciou que a aplicação dos herbicidas na parte aérea de plantas de cana-de-açúcar afetou o número de microrganismos e a atividade de solubilização de fosfato na rizosfera.Palavras-chave: bactérias, fungos, ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, 2,4-D.ABSTRACT -The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of the herbicides ametryn and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, singly or combined, and 2,4-D, on the activity of inorganic phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms and the populational density of fungi and bacteria in sugarcane rhizosphere. Sugarcane plants with three to four fully expanded leaves and fungi were sprayed with ametryn, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, and ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium at the doses of 1.30, 1.00, 0.0225 and 1.463 + 0.0375 kg ha -1 , respectively. A completely randomized design was adopted in a split plot scheme with four replications. The effect of the herbicides was evaluated in the whole plots and the effect of time after application in the split-plots. At 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after spraying (DAS), rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soil samples were collected and immediately analyzed for the populational densities of bacteria and fungi and the potential and relative inorganic phosphate solubilization activity in the soil. 2,4-D reduc...

The ecology of weed plants includes their interactions with soil microorganisms, such as mutualistic partners that may contribute to their adaptation and competitive success in the agricultural fields. Despite the importance of microorganisms to plant growth, knowledge on weed-symbiont associations is still incipient compared to crops. Thus, a survey for the presence of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) associations in the roots of 50 weed species was done in three distinct areas during the dry and rainy seasons. We found that 41 and 29 out of the 50 species were associated with AM fungi and DSE, respectively, and 27 species presented both associations. All the plant species not forming AM belong to families thought to be nonmycorrhizal, such as Amaranthaceae, Commelinaceae, Brassicaceae, and Cyperaceae. The most common morphotype of AM observed was the Arum-type. No significant differences were found in root length colonization between the areas or seasons. For 19 species surveyed, this is the first report on their mycorrhizal status.

-The competition between weeds and crops is a topic of great interest, since this interaction can cause heavy losses in agriculture. Despite the existence of some studies on this subject, little is known about the importance of soil microorganisms in the modulation of weed-crop interactions. Plants compete for water and nutrients in the soil and the ability of a given species to use the available resources may be directly affected by the presence of some microbial groups commonly found in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are able to associate with plant roots and affect the ability of different species to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, promoting changes in plant growth. Other groups may promote positive or negative changes in plant growth, depending on the identity of the microbial and plant partners involved in the different interactions, changing the competitive ability of a given species. Recent studies have shown that weeds are able to associate with mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural environments, and root colonization by these fungi is affected by the presence of other weeds or crops species. In addition, weeds tend to have positive interactions with soil microorganisms while cultures may have neutral or negative interactions. Competition between weeds and crops promotes changes in the soil microbial community, which becomes different from that observed in monocultures, thus affecting the competitive ability of plants. When grown in competition, weeds and crops have different behaviors related to soil microorganisms, and the weeds seem to show greater dependence on associations with members of the soil microbiota to increase growth. These data demonstrate the importance of soil microorganisms in the modulation of the interactions between weeds and crops in agricultural environments. New perspectives and hypotheses are presented to guide future research in this area.Keywords: competition, agriculture, mycorrhizal fungi, PGPR, ecology. RESUMO -A competição entre plantas daninhas e culturas é um tópico de grande interesse, uma vez que essa interação pode causar grandes perdas na agricultura. Apesar de alguns estudos nesse tema, pouco se sabe sobre a importância dos microrganismos do solo na modulação dessa interação. As plantas competem por água e nutrientes presentes no solo e a capacidade das espécies em absorver esses recursos pode ser diretamente afetada pela presença de alguns grupos microbianos comumente encontrados no solo. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) são capazes de se associar com as raízes das plantas, o que afeta a capacidade das diferentes espécies em absorver água e nutrientes do solo, promovendo alterações no crescimento. Outros grupos podem promover alterações positivas ou negativas no crescimento das espécies vegetais, a depender da identidade das espécies microbianas e vegetais envolvidas nas diferentes interações

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Palavras-chave: rizosfera, bactérias do solo, eucalipto.ABSTRACT -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of applying different commercial formulations of glyphosate (Roundup Transorb ® , Zapp QI ® , Roundup NA ® e Scout ® ) on the ability of two bacterial isolates (To 11 and To 66) to solubilize different inorganic phosphates. The ability to solubilize bacterial isolate phosphate was evaluated in relation to three inorganic phosphate sources (calcium, aluminum, and iron phosphates) in the presence of different commercial formulations of glyphosate, at the concentration of 60 mg L -1 acid equivalent, and control treatment without the addition of the herbicides. The effects of the commercial formulations of glyphosate on each bacterial isolate were distinct. Roundup Transorb and Zapp QI led to a significant decrease in the phosphate-solubilizing activity of To 66, while the reverse was observed for Scout. To 11 did not show significant differences in phosphate solubilization in the presence of the commercial formulations tested. Roundup NA and Scout did not change the ability to solubilize phosphate of bacterial isolates, while Roundup Transorb and Zapp QI led to a decrease in the solubilizing activity.