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Summary Distribution network automation is a key functionality in the evolution towards smarter electricity grids. The main driver to deploy this kind of smart grid solutions is the improvement of continuity of supply for network users; thanks to the fact that an enhanced network monitoring and telecontrol can improve the fault management process conducted by distribution system operators. However, the parameters that affect their successful implementation are not completely understood yet. Addressing this gap, this paper presents a detailed analysis to identify the main factors affecting the implementation of automation at medium voltage distribution networks and discusses the regulatory implications. Several realistic case studies are analyzed, corresponding to a number distribution networks that resemble the architectural characteristics representative of the European distribution grids in different contexts. Hence, the results allow deriving general conclusions that can be widely applicable to European distribution networks.

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the overall performance of a battery energy storage system (BESS) during I) grid-connected, II) black start, and III) islanded operating modes. To do so, firstly, a novel three-mode controller is proposed and developed. The proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller is implemented, including the following three components: (1) inertia emulation, (2) frequency-active power and voltage-reactive power droops, and (3) secondary frequency and voltage controllers. Secondly, to effectively evaluate the proposed controller performance under various grid operating conditions during both black start and seamless transition to islanded operation, a set of comprehensive dynamic simulations using Matlab/Simulink is carried out. To this end, the sensitivity analyses on numerous grid operating parameters, such as pre-disturbance grid power, total installed BESS capacity, battery state of charge, unbalanced three-phase load flows, implemented power-frequency controller parameters, and distribution network types with various shares of dynamic and static loads, are performed. Thirdly, to practically improve the seamless transition performance enabling the demand response participation, a fast-controlled thermostatic load scheme is implemented. Simulation results show that the BESS unit using the proposed three-mode controller has great potential to successfully control the frequency and voltage within allowable limits during both islanding and black start modes over a wide range of grid operating conditions.