Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) offer a wide array of applications. Integration of various heterogeneous infrastructures that generate data for intelligent analysis is discussed. The objective of this article is to review CPS and provide a discussion of the system's security flaws. Many earlier investigations have also been properly explained. Because of the increasing usage of CPS in sensitive organizations (e.g., healthcare and connected homes), the requirement for a risk assessment strategy is essential. The major concentration of risk evaluation has shifted from computer risk evaluation to network-based risk analysis as a result of our substantial dependence on the Internet. The goal of CPS vulnerability analysis is to develop a quantitative model for future system protection.

Although authoritarian regimes often repress the rights of women, many autocrats have committed to international treaties protecting women’s human rights. Scholars have typically overlooked this engagement, focusing instead on autocrats’ commitment (and violation) of treaties protecting civil, political, and physical integrity rights. Yet existing explanations for autocrats’ ratification of these treaties—such as appeasing domestic opposition groups—do not necessarily apply to women’s rights (von Stein 2013). As authoritarian international law is increasingly viewed as an important area of study (Ginsburg 2020), scholars should explore how authoritarian regimes navigate participation regarding women’s rights issues, including their engagement with the main women’s rights treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). After taking a closer look at how autocracies shape, commit, and challenge women’s rights internationally, we suggest several research directions to build this area of study.