Around the world, enteric viruses are often found in surface waters. This study set out to evaluate the occurrence of adenoviruses (AdVs) in water samples, and its relation to different physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters [total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC), represented by Escherichia coli]. Monthly samples of 500 ml of raw water were collected from May 2011 to June 2013 in eight abstraction points water treatment stations along three stretches of the Sinos River Basin (SRB), in Southern Brazil and, subsequently, were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). AdVs from different species, from human (HAdV), and from other animals (CAV1-2, BAdV, PAdV, and AvAdV) were detected along the three stretches of the basin, indicating fecal contamination from different sources and proving the inefficiency of the wastewater treatment in the waters of the SRB and intensifying the strong influence of human activities that can contribute to the presence of inhibitory substances such as organic acids in surface of these waters. Statistical analyses revealed no significant correlations between the concentrations of TC and FC and the concentrations of AdVs. We observed a small, nonconstant, and unstable correlation between viruses and physicochemical parameters. These correlations were not sufficiently consistent to establish a reliable association; therefore, this study corroborates that only the viral assay itself is reliable for the diagnosis of fecal contamination by viruses in environmental samples.

The effects of viral gastroenteritis are more devastating in children than in any other age category.Thus, children exposed to the consumption of low quality water are at an increased risk of infection, especially in regions where sanitation is inadequate. The present study aimed to provide a survey of the occurrence of representative enteric viruses: human adenovirus (HAdV), human enteroviruses (hEV), and genogroup A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water samples collected in public schools located at six municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Seventy-three schools were included in the study and tap water samples were analyzed by conventional PCR for the presence of HAdV, hEV, and GARV genomes. hEV showed the highest detection rate (27.4%), followed by HAdV (23.3%), and GARV (16.4%). New approaches to water monitoring should be considered to promote a better water quality and reduce the risk of waterborne diseases, especially considering drinking water to be served to vulnerable individuals.

Human adenoviruses (HAdV), members of the Adenoviridae family, are excreted through the fecal route and may be present in the feces of humans consuming contaminated food or water. The presence of HAdV from different serotypes in the feces of healthy individuals was already reported using conventional polymerase chain reaction; however, real-time PCR (qPCR) may reveal not only the rates of detection as well as demonstrate the viral loads excreted by healthy persons. Aiming to identify and characterize the presence of adenoviruses in stool samples, 147 fecal samples from patients with no records of diarrhea were analyzed (74 from winter season and 73 from summer) by Real-Time PCR (qPCR) assay and conventional PCR. HAdV genome was present in 43.8% (32/73) of stools samples collected during summer season and 21.6% (16/74) during winter. The rate of detection of genomic copies (gc) ranged from 4.04×102 to 6.72×105gc/g of feces among the 147 samples analyzed, of which the ranged of genomic copies of DNA HAdV was major in summer. All samples were negative when tested for rotaviruses (RV) and noroviruses (NoV) by PCR conventional and qPCR respectively. HAdV is excreted constantly by infected individuals in the absence of clinical signs and the occurrence may vary seasonally.

Torque teno virus (TTV) was surveyed in tap water collected in schools from three municipalities located in the south of Brazil. TTV genomes were found in 11.7 % (4/34) of the samples. TTV DNA was detected in 10.5 % (2/19) of the samples collected at the city of Caxias do Sul and in 25 % (2/8) of the samples from Pelotas. Those cities have a low rate of sewage treatment. All samples from Santa Cruz do Sul, which has nearly 92 % of its sewage treated, were negative. These results suggest that the amount of sewage treated may have an effect on the detection rates of TTV DNA in drinking water in a given urban area, showing a mild negative correlation (r = -0.76), when comparing the percentage of sewage treatment to the detection of TTV genomes. The detection rate of TTV was also compared with Escherichia coli, showing a strong correlation (r = 0.97), indicating that TTV may be a suitable marker of fecal contamination.

ResumoO presente trabalho objetivou verificar a ocorrência de fungos produtores de micotoxinas, especialmente dos gêneros Aspergillus, Fusarium e Penicillium, em granola comercializada em Porto Alegre, uma vez que este alimento vem apresentando crescente consumo. Estes fungos filamentosos são evidenciados freqüentemente em cereais, os quais apresentam grande incidência em produtos à base de granola. Amostras de granola foram adquiridas no Mercado Público de Porto Alegre, no período de agosto de 2004 a abril de 2005, nas quatro estações do ano. A coleta baseou-se em quatro amostras de diferentes procedências, duas das quais são comercializadas embaladas e lacradas e duas comercializadas a granel. As análises seguiram os procedimentos descritos pelo Compendium of Methods for Examination of Foods. A identificação dos fungos baseou-se na morfologia macroscópica e microscópica, com auxílio de chaves de identificação. Os resultados evidenciaram a presença dos três gêneros fúngicos, com predominância de Aspergillus em três estações. No verão houve maior desenvolvimento micelial e no outono, menor crescimento de fungos. Os resultados sugerem maior controle e fiscalização, visando eliminar qualquer ocorrência de microrganismos produtores de toxinas em granola. Palavras-chave: micotoxinas; alimentos; patogenicidade; segurança alimentar. AbstractThe following work, had the purpose to verify the occurrence of fungi which produce mycotoxin, specially the Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genus in the granola commercialized in Porto Alegre, once that this food is having an increasing consumption.These fibered fungi are certified frequently in cereals, which are found in the granola (a mix of grains, nuts and dried fruits, sometimes coated with oil and honey, eaten for breakfast or as a snack). Granola samples were acquired in the Public Market of Porto Alegre since August 2004 until April 2005, during the four seasons of the year. The collection was based on four samples of different origins, two of which are commercialized packed and sealed up, and the other two commercialized in bulk. The analyses had followed the described procedures for Compendium of Methods for Examination of Foods. The fungi identification was based on the macroscopic and microscopic morphology, with the assistance of identification keys. The results certified the presence of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium fungi, with the predominance of the Aspergillus genus in three seasons. In summer it had a bigger mycelium development and in autumn the lowest fungi growth. The results suggest a bigger control and inspection, seeking for eliminate any occurrence of microorganism producer of toxins in the granola. Keywords: mycotoxins; food; pathogenicity; food security. Alguns gêneros deste grupo de microrganismos são responsáveis pela produção de toxinas, as micotoxinas, entre as quais, destacam-se: a aflatoxina, ocratoxina A, zearalenona, patulina, fumonisina, tricoteceno e citrinina 22 . O processo de invasão por fungos e a contaminação por micotoxinas...