The purpose was to evaluate the side effects of strains Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin sensu lato Unioeste 43 and M. anisopliae sensu stricto ESALQ 1641 on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) under controlled conditions. A free-choice test for parasitism was performed, with the confinement of T. pretiosum females mated with cards (1 × 5 cm) containing age-standardized Anagasta kuehniella Zeller eggs, either sprayed with a fungal strain (109 conidia/ml) or 0.01% v/v Tween 80 (control). For the no-choice tests, T. pretiosum females mated were confined with cards sprayed with fungal strains before or after parasitism, and cards with fungal applications at different times. The number of parasitized eggs, percentage of emergence, longevity, egg-to-adult period, sex ratio, total and confirmed mortality by the fungus, and longevity of females that parasitized previously sprayed eggs, were assessed. Histological analysis of immature phases was also performed. The fungus was repellent to T. pretiosum in the free-choice test, while in the no-choice test, fungal applications before and after parasitism did not affect the number of eggs parasitized by T. pretiosum or the sex ratio of emerging adults. However, both strains affected adult emergence rates, the egg-to-adult period, and longevity. Overall, both M. anisopliae strains had minor effects on these biological parameters of T. pretiosum under controlled conditions. Hyphae were not detected in histological observations of immature stages of the parasitoid.

Efeito de defensivos agrícolas naturais e extratos vegetais sobre parâmetros biológicos de AbstractThis study was carried out aiming to evaluate the effect and compatibility of vegetal and Pycnoporus sanguineus basidiocarps extracts and alternative products on biological parameters of Metarhizium anisopliae fungus. Extracts (solution in water 10%) and natural products (AR = average field recommendation; 0.5 AR and 2.0 AR) are applied on PDA culture media surface previously inoculated with fungi conidia. The effect of the treatment on conidia germination, vegetative growth and conidiogenesis was compared. Most alternative products were compatible to the fungus, and only Bordeaux mixture AR and 2.0 AR were moderately toxic to M. anisopliae. Although some significativally negative effect there were observed on conidial viability (reduction of 50 to 80% by alcoholic extracts), all extracts were compatible. This point to the necessity to be careful with application, avoiding mixtures or subsequent use of products less than 48 hours after fungi application.

Paraguay tea is a native crop of southern Brazil and is also socioeconomically important in Paraguay and Argentina. One of the main pests of this crop is Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). As there are no registered insecticides for this pest in Brazil, the use of entomopathogenic fungi is an alternative method for its control. This study aimed to evaluate and characterize isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria spp., Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria spp. and Lecanicillium spp. on G. spegazziniana. For this purpose, 5 th instar nymphs were transferred to Paraguay tea seedlings, followed by spraying of conidial suspensions (1 × 10 9 conidia mL -1 ) and then placing the seedlings in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cages and maintaining them in a temperature-controlled room (26 ± 1°C, 12h00 photophase, 60 ± 10% R.H.). Insect mortality was evaluated daily for 10 days, and the selected isolates were characterized according to their vegetative growth, conidial production in synthetic culture medium and rice and insecticidal activity as well as through molecular analyses, including sequencing the rDNA-ITS region and RAPD analysis. The genus Beauveria spp. was the most efficient, particularly the Unioeste 44 isolate, which caused the greatest total mortality of G. spegazziniana (81.7%) and showed among the highest conidial production levels on rice, indicating a significant potential to be used in an integrated management program for this pest. Molecular analysis of the rDNA-ITS region allowed the isolates to be identified as B. bassiana and B. brongniartii, and RAPD markers were found to be associated with virulence. Key words: Biological control, Ilex paraguariensis, rDNA-ITS ResumoA erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) é uma cultura nativa do Sul do Brasil, tendo grande importância socioeconômica também para o Paraguai e Argentina. Uma das principais pragas da cultura é a Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), e pelo fato de não existirem inseticidas registrados para essa praga no Brasil, o uso de fungos entomopatogênicos pode ser uma alternativa para o seu controle. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar isolados dos fungos entomopatogênicos Beauveria spp., Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria spp. e Lecanicillium spp. sobre G. spegazziniana. Para tal, ninfas de 5 o ínstar foram transferidas para mudas de erva-mate, seguido da pulverização das suspensões de conídios (1 × 10 9 conídios mL -1 ), e então as mudas foram acondicionadas em gaiolas de PVC (cloreto de polivinila), e mantidas em sala climatizada (26 ± 1°C; 12h00 de fotofase e U.R. 60 ± 10%). A mortalidade dos insetos foi avaliada diariamente, por 10 dias, e os isolados selecionados foram comparados entre si por meio do crescimento vegetativo, produção de conídios em meio sintético e em arroz, atividade inseticida e análises moleculares, utilizando-se o sequenciamento da região rDNA-ITS e marcadores RAPD. O gênero Beauveria spp. foi o mais eficiente, em especial o isolado Unioeste 44 que apresentou a maior mortalidade total s...

No abstract

-Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) can promote higher grain and meat/milk yield as well as reduce soil degradation risks. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of grazing sheep with moderate intensity and nitrogen doses on soil physical attributes, and bean crop yield (Phaseolus vulgaris Lam.) under rotation with summer corn crop (Zea mays Lam.) and winter pasture with oats (Avena sativa Lam) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with split-plot; the plots were nitrogen doses and the splitplots were grazing presence or absence. The treatments were nitrogen doses of 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha -1 applied on ryegrass and white oat pasture in winter followed by bean crop. Soil density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity and bean grain yield were evaluated. When ICLS are managed under no-tillage with moderate grazing, sheep trampling did not affect negatively soil physical attributes, which did not reach critical levels for subsequent growth and development of the bean crop. The black bean yield in summer was not affected by antecedent presence of sheep grazing in winter.Key words: Integrated crop-livestock system. Soil compaction. Yield.RESUMO -Os sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária (SIPA) podem promover maior produtividade de grãos e de carne/leite bem como reduzir os riscos de degradação do solo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do pastejo de ovinos com intensidade moderada e das doses de nitrogênio sobre atributos físicos do solo e na produtividade da cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris Lam.) em rotação com o cultivo do milho (Zea mays Lam.) e a pastagem de inverno com aveia (Avena sativa Lam.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas doses de nitrogênio e as subparcelas a presença ou ausência de pastejo. Os tratamentos foram: as doses de nitrogênio (0; 75; 150 e 225 kg ha -1 ) aplicadas na pastagem de azevém e aveia branca no inverno com cultivo subsequente da cultura do feijão. Foram avaliados os atributos físicos do solo: densidade, macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total, bem como a produtividade de grãos na cultura do feijão. Quando o SIPA é conduzido em plantio direto com intensidade moderada de pastejo, o pisoteio de ovinos não interfere negativamente nos atributos físicos do solo, os quais não atingem níveis críticos para o subsequente crescimento e desenvolvimento da lavoura de feijão. O rendimento do feijoeiro no verão não é afetado pela presença antecedente de ovinos na pastagem de inverno. Palavras