Pancreatic cancer is the seventh most common cause of death in the group of oncological diseases. Due to the asymptomatic course, early diagnosis is difficult. Currently, early detection methods are only used in high-risk groups. A literature review based on the available results of observational studies on patients with pancreatic cancer and people from high-risk groups was used to summarize the knowledge on risk factors. The GLOBOCAN 2020 data were used to assess the epidemiological situation in Europe. A summary of screening recommendations was prepared based on the available documents from medical organizations and associations. Pancreatic cancer risk factors are divided into two main groups: non-modifiable factors, e.g., hereditary factors and age, which increase the risk of developing this disease, and modifiable factors—BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Hereditary factors account for 10% of pancreatic cancer cases. The highly specialized methods of early detection, (MRI, CT, or EUS) are used for screening high-risk populations. Of all the imaging methods, EUS is considered the most sensitive for pancreatic cancer and allows an accurate assessment of the size of even small lesions (<30 mm) and the extent of tumour infiltration into blood vessels. The available studies vary on the level of sensitivity and specificity of these methods for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. EUS, MRI, and CT are also expensive procedures and in some patients can be invasive, which is one of the arguments against the introduction of population screening programs based on imaging methods. Therefore, it is important to look for viable solutions that would improve early detection. This is important from the point of view of healthcare systems in Europe, where almost 29% of all global pancreatic cancer cases are reported.

Pandemia Covid-19 stanowi ogromne zagrożenie dla zdrowia i życia ludzkiego oraz funkcjonowania społeczno-gospodarczego. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie wybranych aspektów medycznych i społecznych związanych z pandemią Covid-19. Jako metodę  badań zastosowano przegląd i analizę piśmiennictwa pochodzącego z bazy PubMed uzupełnione o raporty epidemiologiczne. Do wyszukania publikacji użyto następujących słów kluczowych: „Covid-19”, „medical aspects of Covid-19”, „social aspects of Covid-19”. Pandemia Covid-19 spowodowała destabilizację zdrowia publicznego na skalę światową i pozostawiła wiele negatywnych skutków społecznych. Była przyczyną globalnego kryzysu gospodarczego i ekonomicznego. Covid-19 określone zostało mianem nagłego niekorzystnego i wielowymiarowego doświadczenia medycznego i społecznego, którego następstwa występują obecnie i będą odczuwane jeszcze przez wiele lat. Należy monitorować sytuację epidemiologiczną, zdrowotną i ekonomiczną społeczeństwa i podejmować działania zmierzające do zmniejszenia nasilenia negatywnych skutków pandemii Covid-19.

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Introduction. The state of human health largely depends on environmental factors. Nutrition as one of them is important in the earliest stages of child development. By following the principles of rational nutrition, we provide the child the necessary components that determine its growth and development. By analyzing the relationship between nutrition and health three elements should be taken into account: selection of food, compliance with dietary guidelines and an assessment of the effects of nutrition. Aim. The research aimed at the assessment of nutritional status and dietary habits of children attending the nursery. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 92 healthy children aged 10-55 months attending two nurseries in the town of Sanok. In all the children, body mass and height were measured and the values obtained were related to the percentile charts. There was also an original questionnaire survey performed addressed to mothers of the children. It provided information on the diets of infants and introducing new complementary products to the diet of children in the first year of life. The results were compared with the nutritional standards for children fed both naturally and artificially. Results and conclusions. While assessing the nutritional status of children, it was found that incorrect body mass concerned often overweight and obesity. Mothers too early stopped breast-feeding and introduced formulas to the diet of children. The main food product that caused allergic symptoms of children was cow’s milk and its products. Most mothers preparing meals for the children used the prepared food products for infants. On the basis of the obtained results it can be concluded that the introduction of complementary food into the diet of infants in the majority did not meet current dietary recommendations in 2007. There is a need to take preventive measures carried out by medical personnel addressed to parents/carers on the proper nutrition of their children in the first years of life.