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RESUMENLa búsqueda de la totalidad, el holismo, es una de las intenciones básicas de la investigación etnográfica. Este artículo examina la problemática del holismo a través de la revisión de las variadas formas de la totalidad en el desarrollo de la antropología. Los pretextos para este examen se encuentran en Tylor, Malinowski, Mauss, Dumont, Fernandez y Marcus. Estas diversas imágenes de totalidad muestran hasta qué punto la aspiración metodológica del holismo está determinada por los modelos teóricos y morales de la cultura.Palabras clave: Métodos antropológicos, Holismo, Etnografía. SUMMARYThe search for the whole, holism, is one the basic intentions in the ethnographic research. This paper examines the holism and its problems by reviewing the various forms that the whole has taken through the development of Anthropology. The pretexts for this examination are in a series of writings by Tylor, Malinowski, Mauss, Dumont, Fernandez and Marcus. These various images of the whole show the extent to what the methodological aspiration of the holism is determined by theoretical and moral models of the culture.

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The object of this essay is to offer a reflection on the obstacles that block the ethnographic intent when we try to do ethnography in school institutions. These obstacles are presented conceptually with reference to three main axes that shape school as a bureaucratic reality: school as a hypertrophied medium of individualistic codifying, school as a universalist and instrumentalist device, and school as a device to restrict the cultural field. These ideas are illustrated by means of some empirical examples, the majority of which come from an ongoing investigation in Guovdageaidnu, in northern Norway.

This essay provides ethnographic and historical insight into the discursive elaborations of the ‘Saami’ ethnos in order to argue that ethnic and ethnopolitical structuration must not be reduced to categorical ontology, least of all as a unitary mode of social classification. Building on fieldwork in Guovdageaidnu (Norway), and an analysis of government documents, this text presents a multi-source model of ethnic and ethnopolitical structuration. The model offers a frame for historical processes, and explicates the articulations and disarticulations in the relationships between socialization and the universalistic categorization of belonging found within ethnopolitical discourse.