It was estimated the proportion and number of invasive cancer cases and deaths for 26 cancer types in adults aged 30 years and older in the United States in 2014. In this study was found that these cancers were attributable to modifiable risk factors such as cigarette smoking, second-hand smoke, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, excess body weight, red and processed meat consumption, low consumption of vegetables and fruits, dietary calcium, and ultraviolet radiation and six cancer-associated infections. Several databases were reviewed including PUBMED, Google scholar, and Web of Science. The facts suggest that a number of individuals in the US present risk factors for cancer, which development in malignancies would ultimately depend on the interaction of environmental and genetic factors.

The prevalence of HIV in patients with tuberculosis in Jamaica is similar to that in other developing countries, but the mortality rate is higher and this warrants prompt diagnosis of HIV infection and early institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

This ELISA was used to study Staphylococcal protein-A (SpA) interactions with various mammalian and avian immunoglobulins.

The aims of this research are confirming the feasibility of hybrid immunoglobulin-binding reagents, its used in ELISAs for IgG/IgY detection and detecting specific antibodies against an infectious microorganism (Salmonella spp) in various animal species using a universal diagnostic ELISA. Hybrid immunoglobulin-binding bacterial proteins (IBP) including recombinant protein LA, recombinant protein LG, and recombinant protein AG have been produced for improvement of their binding affinity to a much larger number of immunoglobulins. This hybrid bacterial protein thus represents a powerful tool for binding, detection, and purification of immunoglobulins and their fragments. However, SpLA-LG-peroxidase and SpLAG-anti-IgY-peroxidase were produced by the periodate method. They have shown to be effective reagents. Their binding affinity to immunoglobulins surpasses previous hybrid IgG-binding proteins reported, including the most known SpAG, SpLA and SpLG. The IgY fraction was isolated from the egg yolks of a variety of birds including species of chicken, bantam hen, guinea hen, quail, goose, duck, wild and domestic pigeon, parakeet, cattle egret, pheasant, and ostrich. The IgY fraction was isolated by the chloroform-polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. An ELISA for anti-Salmonella spp antibodies was employed with some modifications to determine the presence of antibodies in humans, laying hens, geese, quails, and pigeons. Salmonella are motile, flagellated rod-shaped zoonotic pathogens which may survive with or without oxygen. They belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is implicated with typhoid fever and food-borne illnesses. This pathogen is associated with several diseases, which may become fatal and negatively impact the health of individuals and various economies globally. The poultry industry is most impacted and vulnerable to the onslaught of this pernicious microbe.

The United States veterinarian Daniel E Salmon discovered the genus Salmonella. Salmonella is non-spore forming and it may survive without oxygen. This bacterial strain is mainly associated with animals. Salmonella is ubiquitous and may be asymptomatic which has generated great health concern.This bacterium is associated with life threatening diseases among human and animals.Gastroenteritis is one such disease which may resolve itself within five days in healthy individuals.Immuno compromised individuals and the young are at great risk as this may progress to secondary systemic complication. Salmonella serotype exceeds two thousand which may be differentiated from each other by the International Kauffmann-white Scheme Serotyping Manual.Surface antigens produced by salmonellae are used in the determination of isolated strain.Determination of the "O" antigen group associated with the carbohydrate constituent of the lipopolysaccharide membrane of the bacterium precede the identification of the protein "H" antigen which is linked to the tail like flagella of the bacterium.The two existing phases of Salmonellamay be referred to as specific and nonspecific which function as motile and non motile phases.The existing phase of Salmonellawill determine the "H" antigens that are produced.An additional "Vi" antigen is associated with virulent encapsulated strains of Salmonella Typhi.