Growth is a major component of fitness in all organisms, an important mediator of competitive interactions in plant communities, and a central determinant of yield in crops. Understanding what limits plant growth is therefore of fundamental importance to plant evolution, ecology, and crop science, but each discipline views the process from a different perspective. This review highlights the importance of source-sink interactions as determinants of growth. The evidence for source- and sink-limitation of growth, and the ways in which regulatory molecular feedback systems act to maintain an appropriate source:sink balance, are first discussed. Evidence clearly shows that future increases in crop productivity depend crucially on a quantitative understanding of the extent to which sources or sinks limit growth, and how this changes during development. To identify bottlenecks limiting growth and yield, a holistic view of growth is required at the whole-plant scale, incorporating mechanistic interactions between physiology, resource allocation, and plant development. Such a holistic perspective on source-sink interactions will allow the development of a more integrated, whole-system level understanding of growth, with benefits across multiple disciplines.

Housing for people living with HIV/AIDS has been linked to a number of positive physical and mental health outcomes, in addition to decreased sexual and drug-related risk behavior. The current study identified service priorities for people living with HIV/AIDS, services provided by HIV/AIDS housing agencies, and unmet service needs for people living with HIV/AIDS through a nationwide telephone survey of HIV/AIDS housing agencies in the United States. Housing, alcohol/drug treatment, and mental health services were identified as the three highest priorities for people living with HIV/AIDS and assistance finding employment, dental care, vocational assistance, and mental health services were the top needs not being met. Differences by geographical region were also examined. Findings indicate that while housing affords people living with HIV/AIDS access to services, there are still areas (e.g., mental health services) where gaps in linkages to care exist.

developed a risk-adjusted, claims-based measure of outpatient ED visits that CMS incorporated into the Five Star Quality Rating System in 2016. This measure addresses a gap in the current measures, increasing the number of short-stay measures and adding a measure that does not rely on self-reported data. Overall, 9.5% of residents had an ED visit within 30 days of the start of their stay. Average risk-adjusted rates were lower at homes with better Five-Star ratings. They were higher among smaller, for-profit nursing homes not located in a hospital. We will present trends on the measure's performance during its first year of public reporting on Nursing Home Compare. Many nursing home residents enter skilled nursing facilities (SNF) for rehabilitation services. For many residents, return to the community is an important outcome. The IMPACT Act of 2014 requires the development and reporting of a measure of community discharges (CD) among SNF residents. We developed a risk-adjusted measure of successful CDs within 100 days of the start of a nursing home episode, which CMS incorporated into the Five-Star Quality Rating System in 2016. We used information on discharge date and status from the MDS to measure episode length and identify CDs. Overall, 62.5% of episodes resulted in a successful CD within 100 days. Average risk-adjusted rates were higher at facilities with better overall, staffing, and inspection ratings, but not quality ratings. Riskadjusted rates were higher among facilities that are smaller, nonprofit, and in a hospital. We will present trends on the measure's performance during its first year of public reporting. 100-DAY COMMUNITY DISCHARGE RATES AMONG USER INPUT IN IMPROVING THE NURSING HOME COMPARE WEBSITE: USABILITY TESTING OF WEBSITE ENHANCEMENTS A. Edwards, A. Muma, Abt Associates, Durham, North CarolinaConsumer usability testing was conducted on the Nursing Home Compare (NHC) website to assess ease of use and clarity of information. Across four different tests, average user score for ease of use was 4.3 on a 5-point scale with a value of 5 considered 'very easy' and 0 considered 'very difficult.' Google Analytic data supported user testing findings, showing a significant decrease in the number of pages per visit from 7 to 3, an indicator of a reduction in steps necessary to find target content. Average score for clarity of the information was 4.2, where a value of 5 represents 'very clear. NHC website usability testing provides key lessons on how to disseminate information in ways that help improve healthcare decisionmaking for the target audience. Strategic analysis and planning for the website builds on the usability testing to further enhance the website and the consumer experience on the site. To support the growing ranks of family caregivers attending to older adults, social services are looking to technology for solutions. Online support services are desirable because they offer the opportunity to reach broad swaths of family caregivers, who can then access supports that meet their needs on...

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