The use of polyphenols as adjuvants in lowering risk factors for various debilitating diseases has been investigated in recent years due to their possible antioxidant action. Polyphenols represent a fascinating and relatively new subject of research in nutraceuticals and nutrition, with interest rapidly expanding since they can help maintain health by controlling metabolism, weight, chronic diseases, and cell proliferation. Resveratrol is a phenolic compound found mostly in the pulp, peels, seeds, and stems of red grapes. It has a wide variety of biological actions that can be used to prevent the beginning of various diseases or manage their symptoms. Resveratrol can influence multiple inflammatory and non-inflammatory responses, protecting organs and tissues, thanks to its interaction with immune cells and its activity on SIRT1. This compound has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anticancer, and antiviral properties, making it a potential adjunct to traditional pharmaceutical therapy in public health. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of resveratrol in terms of active biological effects and mechanism of action in modifying the immune cellular response to promote human psychophysical health.

The common goldfish is the most widespread teleosts in the world. Due to its peculiar characteristics, such as the high resistance, easy availability and stabulation, and for its evolutionary characteristics, this fish lends itself to be one of the most used experimental models. This study aimed to characterize the mast cells in the intestine of Carassius auratus using anti‐TLR‐2, anti‐S100, anti‐VIP, anti‐serotonin (5‐HT) and anti‐Piscidin antibodies. The intestine of goldfish, like that of all vertebrates, plays an important role in the immunology of the animal. The gut‐associated lymphoid tissue GALT is an immune component containing several specific cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells. In addition, the presence of goblet cells in the intestinal epithelium strengthens the defence system, secreting many cytokines and chemokines and displaying antibacterial properties. Our results show mast cells labelled with antibodies that are highly conserved between fish and mammals, demonstrating an active role of these cells in the immune response.

The central nervous system (CNS) has a reduced capacity to regenerate, and neuronal loss is often irreversible and can cause functional impairments (Gurgo et al., 2002;Li and Chen, 2016). Specific areas of brain control different nervous functions (Gudiene and Burba, 2003). Chronic diseases represent more than 60% of deaths in the world. Lifestyle, environmental factors and genetic predisposition can increase their incidence (Alesci, Miller et al., 2021). Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of neuron populations and can be classified according to their clinical presentation: with extrapyramidal and pyramidal symptoms, and with cognitive or behavioural disorders (Dugger and Dickson, 2017). They afflict a high percentage of the world's population, with predominance of dementia, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) (Gitler et al., 2017). The estimates about these syndromes showed that they are the second cause of death in 2016 (Feigin and Vos, 2019), and lots of studies confirm that the number of people affected by dementia will increase, and by 2040, there will be 81.1 million people affected by this pathology (Ferri et al., 2005). These pathologies are chronic (Walker, 2018), and there is not yet a definitive cure. Some treatments aiming to slow down the progression of the neurodegenerative diseases, relieve the pain of the patient, improve symptoms and extend sufferer autonomy and functionality (Moosmann and Behl, 2002). Among the cures evaluated to treat these disorders, there is neuronal regeneration. Regenerative therapies, which are mainly based on the principle of neuroplasticity, use stem cell transplantation to produce new neurons (Li and Chen, 2016). However, this therapy fails to generate large quantities of neurons; furthermore, some factors,

Psoriasis is one of the most widespread chronic inflammatory skin diseases, affecting about 2%–3% of the worldwide adult population. The pathogenesis of this disease is quite complex, but an interaction between genetic and environmental factors has been recognized with an essential modulation of inflammatory and immune responses in affected patients. Psoriatic plaques generally represent the clinical psoriatic feature resulting from an abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, which cause dermal hyperplasia, skin infiltration of immune cells, and increased capillarity. Some scientific pieces of evidence have reported that psychological stress may play a key role in psoriasis, and the disease itself may cause stress conditions in patients, thus reproducing a vicious cycle. The present review aims at examining immune cell involvement in psoriasis and the relationship of depression and stress in its pathogenesis and development. In addition, this review contains a focus on the possible use of natural products, thus pointing out their mechanism of action in order to counteract clinical and psychological symptoms.

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