Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of using a combination of cassava tuber (Manihot esculenta) and Indigofera zollingeriana leaf flour as an energy source supplemented with citric acid in the ration on performance, carcass quality, digesta pH, viscosity, and the number of villi in the intestines of broilers. Materials and Methods: The research design was completely randomized with five treatments and five replications, each containing four broilers. The treatment was a substitution of corn in the ration with a combination of cassava tuber and I. zollingeriana leaf (CIF): without CIF, 5% CIF substitute for corn + 0.2% citric acid, 10% CIF substitute for corn + 0.2% citric acid, 15% CIF corn substitute + 0.2% citric acid, and CIF corn substitute + 0.2% citric acid. Each treatment ration was supplemented with 0.2% citric acid. The variables that were looked at were ration consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, live weight, percentage of the carcass, percentage of abdomi¬nal fat, pH, viscosity, and the number of broiler villi. Results: This study showed that the combination of CIF flour supplemented with 0.2% citric acid had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on body weight gain, ration conversion, live weight, carcass percentage, and the number of villi in broiler intestines. But it did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05) on the amount of feed eaten, the amount of fat in the abdomen, the pH of the digesta, or the thickness of the broilers’ blood. Conclusions: The combination of CIF flour at a level of 10% supplemented with 0.2% citric acid can be used as an energy source to replace corn without having a bad effect on production performance, carcass quality, and small intestine characteristics of broilers.

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D uck carcass and meat are one of the poultry products widely consumed due to it cheapness compare to cow meat. The increase of carcass and meat production can be achieved by improving ration quality fed in an optimum way. In addition to nutrition intake, an additional supplement can be added into ration to enhance animal growth as well as carcass and meat in form of probiotic and organic acid salt. The secondary metabolite produced from silage forage swamp particularly kumpai tembaga grass has the potential use as probiotic and organic acid. According to Sandi et al. (2017), kumpai tembaga silage provides a larger amount of lactic acid and its corresponding bacteria compare to swamp legume silage and silage of grass combined with the legume. Probiotic is a microbe lives within its host and gives positive influence in enhancing microorganism balance in the digestive tract (Fuller, 1989). It is well known that probiotic provides good influence on livestock performance particularly on increasing the intestine ability to digest ration by improving microflora balance. As the performance of digestive tract increased in absorbing nutrient especially protein, the carcass and meat production will also increase. Sukirmansyah et al. (2016) reported the utilization of probiotic fermentation ration shows no negative effect to the carcass weight, in fact, it was able to increase carcass and slice percentage of Pecking duck in 8 weeks of age. Organic acid acts as an acidifier to create the acidic condition in the small intestine and provide a good environment for Lactobacillus growth and other non

This study aims to determine the digestibility value and degradation rate of various types of swamp grass in Sacco in local Pampangan buffalo in South Sumatra. The design used in the study was a completely randomized design consisting of 6 treatments and three replications. The treatments tested were six types of swamp grass which were then coded for each treatment as follows: Hymenachne Acutigluma (HA1), Hymenachne Amplexicaulis (HA2), Oryza Rufipogon (OR), Rhynchospora Corymbose (RC), Eleocharis Dulcis (ED) and Leersia Hexandra (LH). The observed variables in this study were degradation rate and Analysis of fiber fraction content in each grass includes Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Hemicellulose and Cellulose. The results showed that ED grass had the highest total digestibility value for each fiber fraction variable. The rate of degradation shows an interesting pattern where Overall, the value of fractions a, b and c for each observation parameter showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Based on this study, it can be concluded that ED grass has the best fiber digestibility than other types of swamp grass and is very potential for buffalo livestock due to its high degradation rate.

Market vegetable waste is the remains of vegetables that are not sold, the result of weeding, or parts of vegetables that are not used for human consumption. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermentation time on nutrient composition, pH value, total acid, and ammonia of vegetable market waste juices. This study used a fermentation method with cabbage, mustard greens, carrots, and tomatoes as well as 8% salt fermentation additives and 7.7% molasses. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of P0 (fermentation time 0 days), P1 (fermentation time 6 days), P2 (fermentation time 12 days), and P3 (fermentation time 18 days). The observed variables included pH, total acid, and ammonia with the duration of fermentation of vegetable market waste juice. The results showed that the duration of fermentation of vegetable market waste juice had a significant effect (P<0.05) on pH, total acid, and ammonia. This research can be concluded that fermentation with a duration of 12 days can increase ammonia and total acid and reduce pH.