Masalah kesehatan gigi tertinggi di Indonesia adalah karies yaitu rusaknya jaringan keras gigi. Pencegahan karies dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan remineralisasi. Cangkang kerang-simping merupakan limbah industri kaya kalsium yang dapat menjadi prekursor hidroksiapatit yaitu kristal penyusun gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis gel hidroksiapatit dari cangkang kerang- simping dan mengetahui pengaruh gel hidroksiapatit terhadap remineralisasi email gigi. Metode penelitian merupakan eksperimental laboratoris 2 tahap. Pertama adalah sintesis hidroksiapatit dan evaluasi fisikokimia menggunakan SEM-EDX dan XRD. Hidroksiapatit kemudian dibuat menjadi sediaan gel dan diuji secara organoleptik. Tahap kedua adalah penelitian pre dan post-test control group design menggunakan 16 sampel gigi premolar satu rahang atas post ekstraksi yang terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok gel hidroksiapatit 20%, dan kelompok kontrol. Uji kekerasan email gigi menggunakan Vickers microhardness tester sebanyak 2 kali, yaitu sebelum dan setelah aplikasi gel. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa hidroksiapatit cangkang kerang simping berukuran nano, berbentuk granular dengan rasio molar Ca:P 3,22. Konsistensi gel hidroksiapatit homogen, sedikit berbau dan berwarna putih krem. Pada hasil uji kekerasan email terdapat perbedaan signifikan sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi (p0,05) dan terdapat signifikansi perbedaan peningkatan kekerasan antar kelompok (p0,05). Peningkatan kekerasan email kelompok gel hidroksiapatit lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulannya adalah gel hidroksiapatit cangkang kerang-simping berpotensi sebagai agen remineralisasi email gigi

Background: Molecular diagnostic is an emerging diagnostic method in personalized medicine/dentistry era. Usually, it uses nucleic acid amplification method to detect various diseases. PCR is conventional nucleic acid amplification method. However, due to an urgency in infectious diseases' diagnotic method, scientists developed LAMP as new nucleic acid amplification method. Discussion: There are various experiments used to develop LAMP as infectious diseases diagnostic method compared to PCR. The results are LAMP more sensitive, specific, rapid, and inexpensive than PCR. Conclusion: Both PCR and LAMP can be used as molecular diagnostic tools. LAMP prefer to used as infectious disease diagnostic method in poor and developing countries.

Chitosan nanoparticle could become potential formula to protect protein degradation during therapy,since chitosan nanoparticles have “proton sponge hypothesis” mechanism on its protection. Chitosan and pectinis used as basic formula of drug delivery because of its biodegradable and biocompatible properties. Chitosanpectin nanoparticles can be formulated by polyelectrolit complex. EpCAM showed excessive expression inepithelial cancer cells thus can be used as a therapeutic biomarker. MJ protein, a Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins(RIPs) isolated from Mirabilis jalapa L had a higher cytotoxicity on malignant cells than normal cells. MJ proteinneed to be formulated to protect from proteosome degradation in endosome. The aim of this research was todevelop MJ protein-chitosan-pectin nanoparticles and conjugated with anti EpCAM for breast cancer therapy.Mj protein was extracted from M.jalapa leaves. RIPs activity was assayed by supercoiled DNA cleavage. MJprotein were loaded into chitosan nanoparticles using medium viscous chitosan and pectin as cross-linker withpolyelectrolit complex method. Anti EpCAM was conjugated to MJ protein-chitosan-pectin nanoparticles bycarbodiimide reaction and characterized for its entrapment efficiency, morphology by transmission electronmicroscope, particles size, and zeta potential. MJ protein nanoparticles conjugated anti EpCAM and withoutanti EpCAM were cytotoxicity assayed toward T47D and Vero cell lines. MJ protein was able to cleave thesupercoiled DNA into linear and nicked-circular ones. The nanoparticles optimal concentration of mediumviscous chitosan: MJ protein: pectin was 0.01%: 0.01%: 1% (m/v). A high entrapment efficiency of MJ proteinnanoparticles was 98.97 ± 0.07%. Morphology nanoparticles showed an amorphic structure with 200.00 nmparticles size. The nanoparticles conjugated anti EpCAM showed average particles size 367.67nm, polydispersityindex 0.332, and zeta potential +39.97mV. MJ protein-chitosan-pectin nanoparticles conjugated anti EpCAMand unconjugated both had higher cytotoxicity with the IC50 57.64 μg/mL and 46.84 μg/mL respectivelyagainst T47D and 99.38 μg/mL and 111.34 μg/mL against Vero cell lines compared to MJ protein with IC50 of3075.61 μg/mL against T47D and 3286.88 μg/mL against Vero cell lines. Both MJ protein-nanoparticles couldincrease the cytotoxicity effects about 50 times compared to the unformulated MJ protein activity, howeverhad less specificity toward T47D and Vero cell lines.

In Indonesia, research for the prime seed of Macrobrachium rosenbergii crossbreeding is rarely done. The aims of this study are to study F1's morphological character and genetic diversity from the result of crossbreeding between M.rosenbergii Samas, Bone, and Sintetis populations. In this study, genetic characterization was known by using PCR RAPD method utilizes three primers and morphological characterization. Data were analysed with UPGMA algorithm and Simple Matching coefficient that were presented in dendrogram. F1's coefficient heterosis was counted based on ratio from the average of cephalothorax and abdoment lenght and also ratio from the average of standard length of charapax and the average of abdomen length. The results showed that there was a very high genetic diversity in F1 population. The specific locus was found in individuals from Sintetis and Samsam populations.100% Polimorfism was found from F1's DNA amplification result, meanwhile monomorphism 50% was found from parent's DNA amplification result on OPA 20. The highest F1 heterosis was found in Samas and Sintetis genotipe.

In general, an occupation could have hazzard and risk of exposure to genotoxic chemical compounds. These compounds could lead to micronucleus formation on buccal mucosa. This study was aimed to obtain the impact of chemical exposure on micronucleus formation in buccal mucosa at various occupations. This was a literature review study using databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar based on the keywords. The criteria of literatures were articles published in 2016-2021 using Indonesian or English language. The results showed that  group compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), metals, carbamate, and organophospate, also compunds of silica, bezene, toluene, xylene (BTX), sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, nitrous oxide, gemcitabin, and 5-fluoro uracil were genotoxic chemical compunds and could cause micronucleus formation in buccal mucosa of mechanics, grillers, miners, e-waste recyclers, construction workers, road markers, car painters, gasoline station workers, farmers, and healthcare workers. Genotoxic chemical compounds could be found excessively in occupational environment. These compounds could damage cells’ DNA and caused micronucleus formation on buccal mucosa of workers. It is suggested to study further about cell damage biomarkers caused by genotoxic chemical compound exposure.Keywords: micronucleus formation in buccal mucosa, chemical exposure of genotoxic compounds, occupational riskAbstrak: Suatu pekerjaan dapat memiliki risiko dan bahaya terpapar senyawa kimia yang bersifat genotoksik. Senyawa kimia tersebut dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya mikronukleus di mukosa pipi rongga mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengulas pengaruh paparan senyawa kimia pada berbagai macam pekerjaan terhadap pembentukan mikronukleus di mukosa bukal. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review. Penelusuran literatur melalui database PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar berdasarkan kata kunci yang sesuai. Kriteria literatur ialah terbitan tahun 2016-2021 dengan Bahasa Indonesia atau Inggris. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan senyawa kelompok polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), logam, carbamate, dan organophospate, serta senyawa silica, benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX), sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, nitrous oksida, gemcitabin, dan 5-fluoro uracil merupakan senyawa kimia yang bersifat genotoksik dan dapat memicu pembentukan mikronukleus di mukosa bukal mekanik, pemanggang daging, penambang, pendaur ulang sampah elektronik, pekerja konstruksi, pekerja marka jalan, pengecat mobil, petugas SPBU, petani dan tenaga kesehatan. Senyawa kimia yang bersifat genotoksik banyak ditemukan di lingkungan pekerjaan. Senyawa tersebut dapat merusak DNA sel sehingga terbentuk mikronukleus di mukosa bukal pekerja. Disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian lanjut mengenai biomarker kerusakan sel akibat paparan senyawa kimia yang genotoksik.Kata kunci: pembentukan mikronukleus di mukosa pipi, paparan senyawa kimia genotoksik, risiko pekerjaan