The word budget has been traced to its origin. Budget performance in Borno, Bauchi, Yobe, Taraba and Adamawa, all in Nigeria has been investigated specifically on how budget performances differ from State to State. Four budget performance indices appraisals were used. ANOVA and Pair Wise Correlation statistical tools were employed in the analysis of data collected. The results showed that budget performance differs significantly with p = 0.001 from state to state with F > 13.118 tested at 5% level of significance. This paper recommended the adoption of Balanced Scorecard Budget Perspectives and close monitoring of budget execution should be enshrined in the country's work ethics so as to strengthen other measures in mitigating public corruption in Nigeria.

Kurdistan Region is a tourist hub. This research analyzes other Non-Oil Sectors that have huge attractions of Foreign Direct Investments into the Kurdistan Region from 2005 to 2013. Comparative analysis was carried out between Iraq and the Region, and among influential Sectors of the Economy. T-test and ANOVA are statistical tools employed in testing the research hypotheses. The research identify that there exist significant Foreign Direct Investment inflows across the governorates in the region and among influential sectors of the Economy. The research also highlighted areas of high level of investment needs, sectors that have been crowded out and business opportunities in the region that requires huge Foreign Direct Investments. It is recommended that the Regional Kurdistan Government should embark on fiscal Cashless policies in order to stimulate further spill-off effects of attracting enormous Non-Oil Sectors of Foreign Direct Investments into the region.

This study is focused on empirical investigation of the effectiveness of Z-Score Corporate Insolvency Prediction Model on selected industrial sectors of a developing economy. The specific objectives are to assess the efficacy of Z-Score corporate insolvency prediction model on industrial sectors of Agriculture, General Services, Oil Services, Transport & Aviations, Merchandising and Manufacturing of a developing economy and to identify which of these sectors is most susceptible to insolvency diagnoses using Z-score model. Seven hundred financial statements from three hundred and fifty failed companies were analyzed. Z-Score variables for quoted and non-quoted companies were professionally extracted. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis at 5% significant levels were employed in testing of results against formulated null hypotheses. The outcome of the research shows that Z-score is a significant effective tool for predicting corporate failures in emerging economies. It is also found that the predictive ability of Z-Score across Industrial Sectors in a developing economy is significantly different. Z-Score Corporate Insolvency predictive Model is found to be significantly effective for Agriculture, Oil Services and Manufacturing sectors. However, the model is found not to be significantly effective for predicting corporate insolvency of Corporate bodies operating in General Services, Transport & Aviation and Merchandising sectors of a developing economy.

This study examines the efficacy of Z-Score and operating cash flow as Corporate Insolvency prediction models in developing cash economy. The research specific objectives are to determine the predictive efficacy of Z-Score and operating cash flow in discriminating between would fail and going concern companies, identify more effective model for predicting Corporate Insolvency between Z-Score and operating cash flow and assess the predictive ability across industries of the two models. Sixty-two corporate financial statements possessing flow-based insolvency symptoms were tested. Tools of analyses employed are ANOVA, Loglinear Analysis, Fredman ANOVA and Percentages. Z-Score predictive ability across Services and Merchandising sectors is found to be very poor but very strong on Manufacturing and Oil Services, while Operating Cash Flow model is found to be more effective in predicting accurately Service and Merchandising Sectors. The predictive efficacy of the two models significantly varies as the year becomes closer to the year of corporate failure. It is recommended that across industrial sectors, Z-Score model should be used for testing business failures in Manufacturing and Oil Services while Operating Cash Flow model is better employed in solvency stress test for Merchandising, Transport & Aviation and Service industrial sectors.

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