Biodiversity is one measure of ecosystem balance, so that biodiversity is important to know the condition of the ecosystem in the fields. A high diversity index shows the high stability of the ecosystem because the food webs formed are more complex. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the diversity of insects in the paddy ecosystem with ecological engineering and without ecological engineering. This research was conducted at the Experimental field of Tungro Disease Research Station, Lanrang Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia from June to August 2017 using the observation method by periodically observing each week starting at plants 2 weeks after planting. The design used a split-plot design consisting of 2 main plots, namely 1) Ecological Engineering Agroecosystem, using flowering plants (refugia) and pest control with andrometa which is a mixture of entomopathogenic fungus Metharizium anisopliae and bitter extract; 2) Conventional agroecosystems, without flowering plants and pest control using pesticides. The results show that the number of pests and natural enemies found in ecological engineering agroecosystem plots is higher than conventional plots. While the index value of pest diversity and natural enemies in both observation plots is classified as moderate. Therefore, the ecological engineering agroecosystem by planting refugia plants is needed to increase the number and types of arthropods of natural enemies.

<p>Tungro disease is one of the obstacles to increase the national rice production  program. In some areas, this important disease is endemic. On the one hand, some farmers in controlling plant pests and diseases still use pesticides, which negatively impact health and the environment. On the other hand, environmentally friendly tungro disease control technology is available. This study aims to determine an environmentally friendly integrated control technique for tungro disease consisting of resistant varieties, biopesticides, and conservation of natural enemies with flowering plants in suppressing green leafhopper populations and the incidence of tungro transmission in infection-sensitive plant stage.  The test area is located in Lanrang,Sidrap at the Experimental field of Tungro Disease Research Station, Lanrang Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia from April to September 2017, using a split-plot design. Main plots are: 1) Biointensive control plots, using flowering plants (refugia) and pest control with andrometa which is a mixture of the entomopathogenic fungus Metharizium anisopliae and sambiloto extract; 2) Conventional plots, without flowering plants and pest control using pesticides. As sub-plots are rice varieties: 1) TN1, 2) IR64, and 3) Inpari-9 Elo which differ in resistance to tungro. Observations were made at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after planting (MST). The results showed that the population of green leafhoppers in the TN1, both in the bio-intensive control plot and in the conventional control plot, was higher than the other two varieties. The population of natural enemies in bio-intensive control consists of 10 predator families and the conventional control consists of 9 predator families. The effectiveness of bio-intensive control has an effect on decreasing the population of green leafhoppers and the diversity of natural enemies, and has no significant effect on the incidence of tungro transmission, and has no effect on grain yield. Therefore, biointensive control needs to be developed to create a pesticide-free agricultural environment.</p>

Tungro disease severity and agronomic characteristics of tungro-resistant lines. Tungro is one of the diseases problem in rice production. The simplest approach to solve the problem is to use the resistance tungro variety, which is made of tungro resistance lines. At present, the character of the new type of rice becomes a preference by the formation of a variety. The line with the character of Agronomy is a decisive factor in the choice of a variety by farmers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential tungro resistant lines according to severity and agronomy. The research was carried out in the dry season of 2015 in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi. Fifty promising tungro lines and four reference varieties were tested using the Augmented Design with five blocks as replicates. Variables observed were green leafhopper population density and the presence of tungro disease. Agronomic character variables observed included clump shape, productive tiller at 90 DAT, flowering age 50%, the weight of 1000 grains, filled and unfilled grain, and grain yield of kg/ha. The results showed that there were several lines that had significantly higher yield potential , i.e. BP3734A-3-15-LRG-5-8-2-5, BP3770A-1-218-LRG-2-3-1-9, BP3840A-6-253-LRG-8-6-2-8, BP3862A-21-1054-LRG-5-1-1-6, BP3866A-4-1207-LRG-9-3-2-7, BP3870A-4-1357-LRG-2-3-1-7 and BP3870A-4-1363-LRG-8-1-1-7. All of these lines have the potential to be processed to the next phase.

This research aims to gain the technology of bio-intensive integrated control of tungro. The experiments were done in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of Bio-intensive integrated control, compared to Conventional control. The subplots are: 1) the susceptible varieties (TN1), 2) green leafhopper–resistant varieties (IR64), and 3) tungro resistant varieties (Inpari 9 Elo). The subplots are 10 m x 10 m, and every subplot is replicated three times. Variables observed were the population density of green leafhopper (GLH) and the predators, the percentage of tungro incidence, and the grain yield. The results showed that the population of GLH in the plots of bio-intensive integrated control (27.32, 2.34, 4.83, and 5.16) was lower than the population of GLH in conventional control (34.00, 21.17, 7.84, and 6.50). The GLH population density tends to be higher in varieties TN1 than the other varieties both in bio-intensive and conventional control. It is found that 12 species of predator exist in all varieties of bio-intensive control and conventional plots. At 8 WAT the infection of RTV on all varieties in bio-intensive plot control is lower (0.67 - 2.67%) than the incidence of tungro in conventional plot control (3.00 - 8.67%).