During the continuous catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of cracked vegetable oil (CVO), CO 2 and CO occur as the main reaction gases, in addition to hydrocarbon gases such as CH 4 and C 2 H 6. The catalysts used were cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo) on an Al 2 O 3 support and platinum (Pt) on an active carbon. All named gas components can result directly from the decomposition of CVO. The results of batch experiments for gas phase reactions (GPRs) under the same 50 bar H 2 atmosphere using the same catalysts (CoMo, Pt) indicate that CO and CH 4 can also be formed by GPRs. CO can result from the reverse water-gas shift reaction (RWGS), and CH 4 from CO-or CO 2-methanation. The found CO-yields from GPRs are within the theoretical thermodynamic limits based on equilibrium. An unexpected inhomogeneity of the gas component concentrations in the reactor during batch investigations was observed despite the elevated temperature (380°C) and high RPM (1100) due to the high density difference compared to H 2, especially in the case of CO 2. Keywords Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation Á Cracked vegetable oil Á Biofuel Á Gas residence time Á Gas phase reactions Á Gas phase inhomogeneity

Most research on direct solvolytic liquefaction (DSL) focuses on hydrothermal liquefaction or organic model solvents and is dominated by catalytic processes. This review highlights the much less understood aspects of non‐catalytic DSL including the solvent recycling required for continuous processing. Results from earlier studies indicate both the feasibility of recycling and the non‐catalytic suppression of char formation. However, a proof of continuous operation under steady state with a stationary solvent composition and an extensive investigation of process parameters are missing to date.

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Thermisches Cracken von Rapsöl bei der isothermen Reaktivdestillation kann einen Beitrag zur Bereitstellung alternativer flüssiger Brenn‐ und Kraftstoffe leisten. Die zeitliche Änderung der Sumpfphase und des Öl‐Kondensates zeigt einen Brennwertanstieg verursacht durch Desoxygenierung. Die Sumpfphase ist zunehmend thermisch stabiler, begleitet von Polymerisation und Aromatisierung. Auf diese Vorgänge lässt eine Änderung der Jodzahl, des H/C‐Verhältnisses sowie der Viskosität schließen. Die Desoxygenierung des Öl‐Kondensats wird bestätigt durch eine Verringerung der Säurezahl und der detektierten Carbonsäuren.