Enormous efforts have recognized the importance of analyzing plant extracts for possible medical applications. In this context, Kasni (C. intybus) and Milk thistle (S. marianum), cultivated in Asia, were used to determine diabetes mellitus control. Ethanol extracts of both plants were used after induction of diabetes mellitus in rabbits (with STZ). Blood glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method. After treatment of the injured pancreas for 60 days, Kasni and Milk thistle showed a decrease in the elevated levels of blood sugar. The coalesce effect of both plants is more than the individual plants whereas Milk thistle has demonstrated a better control than Kasni. To conclude, C. intybus and S. marianum play a positive role in controlling diabetes.

Introduction:Plasma uric acid ? 6.5 to 7.0 mg/dl increases the incidence of gout, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, stroke and heart failure. Low purine diet, use of xanthine oxidase inhibitors allopurinol and febuxostat; or uricosuric agent’s probenecid, sulfinpyrazone and Benzbromarone are being used for treatment. Swertia chirayita extract (SCE) being practiced as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant was evaluated for inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Aims & Objectives: To observe the in vitro effect of Swertia chirayita ethanolic extract on xanthine oxidase inhibition and its comparison with medicine febuxostat. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in Pharmacology Department, University of Health Sciences Lahore during June-August 2017. Material & Methods: Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition by ethanolic extract of the herb was compared with febuxostat. Serial dilutions of test compounds ranging from 1.25µg/ml to 100 µg/ml were prepared in absolute ethanol. Fixed volumes of xanthine, xanthine oxidase, phosphate buffer and test compounds were incubated. Uric acid concentration in the reaction mixture was calculated by measuring absorbance at 295nm by using Ultraviolet- Visible Spectrophotometer. Mean values and percent inhibition (± SD) was calculated. EZ Fit Enzyme Kinetic program was also used to calculate inhibitory concentration 50 percent (IC50), Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum rate of reaction (Vmax). Results: At maximum dose, (100 µg/ml) xanthine oxidase inhibition by febuxostat and Swertia chirayita was 98% and 80% percent respectively (p=0.01). Swertia chirayita extract showed IC50 at 9.15± 1.2 µg/ml whereas IC50 of febuxostat was 7.91± 0.9 µg/ml. Conclusion: In the light of XO inhibition, Swertia chirayita has potential to be explored as antihyperuricemic agent.

When health is concerned, we must pay attention to all the parts of human body specially the oral cavity. Oral cavity is the gateway of many diseases in human body. There are many reasons for this spread, one of the reason is food. In this regard, the health care of oral cavity is the most essential constituent of general health and wellbeing of any individual. Low health literacy is the cause of all oral health related issues. Health education creates awareness among people that for a better life style it is equally important to seek and get proper health care as obtaining of other necessities of life. The grave consequences of low health literacy have been reviewed many times. This study was conducted on the young adults of Pakistan currently enrolled at different universities and colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. The main objective of the study was to know about the oral health literacy level of the participants and then find out its relationship with their oral health status which was find out after clinical examination. The purpose of the study was to get an idea about the health outcome of the most efficient group of population. Sample for this study will be collected in 2 steps. Step 1 was conducted by doing the clinical examination of the participants in order to assess oral health index. Step 2 was conducted by doing the short interviews of each participant in order to assess oral health literacy of the participants. All the data was complied. The results of REALD 30 word list from all 400 participants were analyzed and the average score was calculated. The average score came out to be 22.46. With this study, it was proved that education plays a significant role in improving oral health status. Further studies can be conducted to help spreading awareness and basic education related programs for uneducated people.

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Objective: To determine the frequency of urinary tract infections and the spectrum of microorganisms causing UTI and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern in children age between 1 month and 12 years. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 131 patients of suspected UTI, from the department of pediatric medicine were included, from June-2020 to Nov-2020. 5 milliliters of urine sample were collected and sent to the hospital laboratory for determination of UTI. If UTI was confirmed, samples were further processed to determine the pattern of organisms causing UTI and their antibiotic spectrum. Results: Mean age of the patients included in this study was 6.07±256 years. There were 75 (57.25%) male patients, and 56 (42.75%) female patients. Urinary tract infections were diagnosed in 30 (22.90%) patients. E. coli diagnosed in 14 (46.67%) patients. Resistant strains were diagnosed in 3 (10%) patients. Regarding antibiotic sensitivity, 3rd generation cephalosporins and carbapenems were sensitive to many organisms. Conclusion: E. coli is the predominant uropathogen causing UTIs in children. Third generation cephalosporins are optimal initial choice for management of UTI in children. Keywords: urinary tract infections, causating micro-organisms, antibiotic sensitivity