Large numbers of leaves fall on the earth each autumn. The current treatments of dead leaves mainly involve completely destroying the biocomponents, which causes considerable energy consumption and environmental issues. It remains a challenge to convert waste leaves into useful materials without breaking down their biocomponents. Here, we turn red maple dead leaves into an active three-component multifunctional material by exploiting the role of whewellite biomineral for binding lignin and cellulose. Owing to its intense optical absorption spanning the full solar spectrum and the heterogeneous architecture for effective charge separation, films of this material show high performance in solar water evaporation, photocatalytic hydrogen production, and photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics. Furthermore, it also acts as a bioplastic with high mechanical strength, high-temperature tolerance, and biodegradable features. These findings pave the way for the efficient utilization of waste biomass and innovations of advanced materials.

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This article proposes a tunable active inductor (AI)‐based voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) andbandpass filters (BPF) on a single integrated design in 90 nm CMOS process for wireless applications. By exploiting component sharing technique through single pole double throws switching method, a common AI is shared between VCO and BPFs. As the passive inductor is replaced by the AI and shared, silicon area consumption is significantly reduced. Transforming the inductor in tunable mode benefits to eliminate MOS varactors for tuning purposes; one step forward to reduce silicon area consumption. Operating as VCO, its frequency ranges from 1.93 to 6.22 GHz (tuning scope is 105%) for tuning voltage of 0.2 ∼ 1 V. The DC power consumption varies from 1.83 to 3.84 mW, and differential output power is 3.39 to − 2.99 dBm. The phase noise varies from − 81.32 to − 76.89 dBc/Hz, and the figure of merit has a value of − 148.74 dBc/Hz at 5.03 GHz frequency. While acting as BPF, two approaches of center frequency tuning are applied. The voltage tuning yields center frequency of 8.43 ∼ 7.08 GHz along with the maximum gain of 10.29 dB at 7.81 GHz. The capacitive tuning outputs frequency tuning of 7.64 ∼ 7.06 GHz. The BPF consumes DC power of 2.56 to 2.27 mW (voltage tuning) and 2.40 mW (capacitive tuning). The proposed design occupies a layout area of 1215.6 μm2. All the simulations have been performed considering parasitic elements evolved from the extraction of layout. Finally, a quantitative comparison and justification of the proposed design are made with respect to other published works.