As a pulmonary disease, BAF is yet to be highlighted in both developing and industrialised countries. BAF is currently diagnosed only on bronchoscopy, whereas a suitable non-invasive diagnostic modality would enable rapid diagnosis and increased recognition. Approaches for patients with BAF need to be developed and the serious hazards of biomass fuel use should be emphasised.

Persicaria odorata is a common plant and well known locally as "daun kesum" that is commonly used in cuisines and has various medicinal properties. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity and the chemical constituent of the most active plant extract. The leaves were extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water to produce the respective extracts. All extracts were tested against eight bacterial strains which included gram positive and gram negative bacteria and one fungal strain using disc diffusion method. In this research erythromycin 15 µg, vancomycin 30 µg and gentamicin 10 µg were used as the antibacterial standard whereas miconazole 50 µg were used as the antifungal. The antimicrobial activity of the active extract was evaluated quantitatively using broth microdilution assay. Gas Chromatography-Mass (GC-MS) Spectroscopy analysis was used to analyze the chemical constituent of the most active extract. N-hexane extract was found to be the most active extract against S. aureus (29.3±0.57), S. epidermidis (32.6±1.52), S. pneumonia (11.3±1.52) and S. pyogenes (15.6±1.15). However, all the extracts were inactive against fungi. The extract produced minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 mg/ml against S. aureus and 50mg/ml each against S. epidermidis, S. pneumonia and S. pyogenes. Decanal, caryophyllene, dodecanal were the major constituents of the n-hexane extract, found by the GCMS analysis. The results obtained in this study showed that P. odorata leaves have high potential to be used as natural antibacterial agent against some bacterial infections.

Antibacterial activity of different types of P. odorata leaf extracts was evaluated in combination with standard antibiotics. Persicaria. odorata leaves were extracted with n-hexane (n-hex), dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH).  Each extract was applied on vancomycin (30µg), erythromycin (15µg) and gentamicin (10µg) discs, respectively. Disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the synergistic activity of each combination on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis was performed on the active extract. Synergistic effects seen were mainly from the n-hex+antibiotics combinations, mainly on the Gram-positive bacteria (7 additive, 5 antagonistic), with MIC range from 50 µg/ml to 100 µg/ml, as well as Gram-negative bacteria (2 additive, 2 indifferent, 5 antagonistic). In particular, synergism showed by the combination of n-hex+van were all additive against the susceptible bacteria. DCM extract combination showed synergistic effects on three Gram-positive species (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes). Meanwhile, MeOH+antibiotics combination showed significant additive synergistic effects (p<0.05) on S. aureus and S. epidermidis.  The major compounds of leaves extract were decanal and β-citral. n-Hex extract superiorly inhibited Gram-positive bacteria growth as compared to DCM and MeOH extracts. The additive synergistic property of the n-hex P. odorata extract could be further studied for possible use as an antibacterial agent.

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Persicaria odorata is a common plant and well known locally as "daun kesum" that is usually used in culinary and have various medicinal properties. This study is conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity and the chemical constituent of the most active extract. The leaves were extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water to produce the respective extracts. All extracts were tested against eight bacterial strains which include gram positive and gram negative bacteria and one fungal strain by using disc diffusion method. In this research erythromycin 15 µg, vancomycin 30 µg and gentamicin 10 µg were used as antibacterial standard whereas miconazole 50 µg were used as antifungal. The antimicrobial activity of the active extract is evaluated quantitatively by using broth microdilution assay. Gas Chromatography-Mass (GC-MS) Spectroscopy analysis was used to analyze the chemical constituent of the most active extract. n-Hexane extract was found to be the most active extract which was active against S. aureus (29.3±0.57), S. epidermidis (32.6±1.52), S. pneumonia (11.3±1.52) and S. pyogenes (15.6±1.15). However, the all extracts are inactive against fungi. The extract produced minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100µg/ml against S. aureus and 50µg/ml each against S. epidermidis, S. pneumonia and S. pyogenes. GCMS analysis has identified Decanal, Caryophyllene, Dodecanal the major constituents of n-hexane extract. The results obtained in this study showed that P. odorata leaves have high potential to be used as natural antibacterial agent against bacterial infections.