This paper presents the effects of agricultural wastes on the mechanical properties of lightweight foamed concrete, LFC. The agricultural wastes utilized in this research are banana skin powder (BSP) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as cement and sand replacement, respectively. Physical and chemical tests were conducted to determine the chemical composition and particle size of both BSP and POFA. These chemical and physical properties of the raw materials are important in understanding the effects they have on the mechanical properties of lightweight foamed concrete incorporating BSP and POFA, which is designated as LFC-BSP-POFA. Cube, cylindrical, and prism specimens of LFC-BSP-POFA with density of 1800kg/m³ were cast and tested to determine its compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and flexural strength. Twelve (12) LFC-BSP-POFA mixtures were prepared with content of BSP as cement replacement of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1% by weight. For each mixture, the content of POFA as sand replacement are 0% and 15%. It was found that BSP and POFA each contain 55.98% and 51.83% silicon dioxide, and 2.71% and 2.32% aluminum oxide, respectively. The particle size for these two materials as obtained from PSA test showed that both materials are considered as fine particles, which is within 0.1µm to 250 µm. These chemical composition and particle size of BSP and POFA contribute to the pozzolanic reaction in LFC. This is proven by the results obtained from the mechanical properties tests which show that the incorporation of both BSP and POFA as cement and sand replacement have some significant effects on the mechanical properties of LFC. The increase percentage of BSP and POFA incorporated in LFC had shown slight increment in its mechanical properties.

This paper investigated the chemical properties of banana skin powder (BSP) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA), and mechanical properties of lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) incorporating BSP and POFA strengthened with carbon fibre reinforce polymer (CFRP) plate. The BSP and POFA are added in the LFC mixture at various percentages as cement and sand replacement, respectively. LFC cubes incorporating BSP and POFA, LFC-BSP-POFA, were cast and tested under compression to determine its compressive strength. LFC-BSP-POFA prisms strengthened with 100 mm and 150 mm length of CFRP plates glued on its bottom mid-span surface were cast and tested under four point bending load to determine its flexure behaviour. From the chemical test, it was found that BSP and POFA each contain pozzolan materials, which are 55.98% and 51.83% silicon dioxide, and 2.71% and 2.32% aluminium oxide, respectively. From the mechanical property tests, compressive and flexural strength increased when percentage of BSP and POFA incorporated in the LFC increased. Meanwhile, CFRP plate managed to strengthen the LFC prism further where higher ultimate load recorded when longer CFRP plate was used.

The prevalence of multimorbidity, the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases, is expected to increase, including in Indonesia. This phenomenon is associated with increased life expectancy and incidence of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, this study assesses the burden of multimorbidity in Indonesia by sociodemographic factors. The researchers analyzed cross-sectional data from the latest wave of IFLS conducted in 2014, the IFLS wave 5. The researchers included individuals aged 15 and above with blood pressure measurements (n= 32.256) from 13,536 households. Meanwhile, the researchers excluded individuals with missing data on BMI (183 individuals) or who had biologically implausible or extreme values (n=6). The analyses were then conducted on 32,067 individuals. The analyses comprised the ten most common self-reported chronic diseases diagnosis in IFLS-5. The findings revealed that the prevalence of self-reported multimorbidity in Indonesia was relatively high, at 9.32% (n= 2.989), with the highest proportion of multimorbidity reported among the elderly. Approximately 2.76% of the respondents (n- 885) reported having three or more chronic diseases. The most common combinations were hypertension and digestive problem (2.15%, n= 689), followed by hypertension and arthritis (1.79%, n= 574), and hypertension and high cholesterol (1.68%, n= 539). When stratified by sociodemographic factors, the researchers found a higher proportion of multimorbidity among females (11.01%, n= 3,530) compared to males (7.41%, n= 2.376), elderly (21.54%, n= 3.530) compared to younger adults, and previous smokers (20.90%, n= 6.072). People who were obese and overweight also reported a higher prevalence of multimorbidity (13.73%, n= 4.403 and 9.3%, n= 2.998, respectively). In addition, those living in urban areas had a higher proportion of multimorbidity (10.33%, n= 3.313) compared to rural areas (7.2%, n= 2.527). In conclusion, this study uncovered a relatively high prevalence of multimorbidity. People living in urban areas were overweight/obese and those who had low SES had a higher proportion of multimorbidity. With the nature of self-reported data and previously reported underdiagnosis of chronic diseases, screening to examine multimorbidity is needed.

This paper presents the mechanical properties and flexural behavior of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with addition of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% coir fiber (CF) as filler, and 10% palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial cement replacement. Fresh SCC-POFA-CF mixture was tested under slump flow and J-ring tests to determine its workability. SCC-POFA-CF cubes and cylinders were tested under compressive and tensile tests to determine its compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength, while prisms were tested under four point bending load to determine its flexural behavior. It is found that workability of SCC-POFA-CF decreased when CF increased. The optimum percentage of CF in SCC mixture was found to be 0.4%. SCC-POFA-CF experienced less crack compared to the control specimen. This shows that CF in SCC prisms managed to control the crack propagation.

This paper presents the fresh state and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with addition of coir fiber (CF) as filler in range of 0.2% to 0.6% and replacing the cement in 10% with palm oil fuel ash (POFA). The workability test such as slump flow and J-ring test were used on the fresh SCC-POFA-CF mixture. The mechanical properties of SCC- POFA-CF in form of compressive, tensile and flexural strength were determine using the compressive test on cube, split tensile test on cylinder and four-point bending test on prism respectively. The increasing amount of CF in mixture resulting the decreasing of workability of SCC-POFA-CF. The SCC mixture with 0.2% CF was selected as optimum as the strength reached the allowable limit of strength. The less crack was occurred on SCC-POFA-CF compared to the control specimen. Therefore, the propagation of crack in prism of SCC was control by coir fiber.