Zusammenfassung: Serumproteine werden von der Niere hauptsächlich entsprechend ihrer molekularen Größe glomerulär filtriert und tubulär resorbiert. Somit lassen sich Rückschlüsse auf die Lokalisation einer Schädigung im Nephron am besten durch solche Analysetechniken gewinnen, die die molekulare Größe der Urinproteine berücksichtigen. In der vergangenen Dekade wurden Erfahrungen mit Urinprotein-Elektrophoresen in SDS-haltigen Polyacrylamidgelen (SDS-PAGE) sowie SDS-freien Gradienten-Gelen gesammelt die in den wesentlichen Resultaten übereinstimmten. Die vorliegende Arbeit berichtet über Ergebnisse mit der SDS-PAGE. Die Urinproteine eines einzelnen Patienten stammen meist aus mehreren Quellen, da verschiedene prärenale, renale und postrenale Veränderungen zusammentreffen können. Die Schädigung bestimmter Strukturen im Nephron führt zu einer charakteristischen Proteinveränderung, die aber bei verschiedenen Patienten von konstanter Zusammensetzung ist und daher als Protein urie-Elemente bezeichnet wird. Diese Elemente konnten in vergleichenden Untersuchungen morphologischen Veränderungen zugeordnet werden und sind tierexperimentell in gleicher Form zu reproduzieren. Verschiedene Elemente führten zum Protein-Muster, das somit auf unterschiedliche Schädigungsorte in und außerhalb der Niere hinweist. Andererseits gibt es kein für eine bestimmte Krankheit typisches Urinproteinmuster, da unterschiedliche Noxen zu gleichartigen Veränderungen am Nephron führen können. Somit erfordert die Urinprotein-Analyse dieser Art eine weitere Interpretation des Befundes mit Hilfe klinischer Daten, bevor eine Diagnose gestellt werden kann. Als nichtinvasive Methode erlaubt die SDS-PAGE eine wiederholte Untersuchung, so daß eine Verlaufskontrolle von Nierenerkrankungen und eine Frühdiagnostik bei Systemerkrankungen in einfacher Weise ermöglicht wird. Schlüsselwörter: Nephropathien -Urinproteinelektrophorese -molekulare Größe der Urinproteine -glomeruläre Proteinurie -mikromolekulare Proteinurie Summary:The molecular size of serum proteins determines to a large extend their glomerulär permeation and tubulär reabsorption. Therefore techniques analysing urinary proteins according to molecular weight are most reliable to differentiate'various renal and even extrarenal disorders presenting with proteinuria. During the past decade clinical experience has accumulated using SDS-polyacrylamide (SDS-PAGE)t SDS-free microgradient-andrecentlySDS-gradientelectrophoresis for diagnostic purposes. As similar results were obtained despite different techniques, our own data using SDS-PAGE are representative for this type of urine analysis. Urinary proteins of one patient may have various pre-, postrenal and renal sources at the same time. Functional damage of different nephron structures leads to a urinary protein composition characteristic for nephron segments, termed äs element of proteinuria. These elements were repröduced in the same way in experimental nephropathies and were associated with defined morphological alterations. The proteinuria pattern ...
The quantitation of myoglobin (Mb) in serum and urine is of clinical importance for the differentiation of myocardial infarction from degenerative cardiac disorders as well as for the detection of traumatic and atraumatic rhabdomyolysis, followed frequently by acute kidney failure. A simple method is described to prepare myoglobin from human muscle extract by negative pressure ultrafiltration and dialysis. By a combination of electrophoretic procedures, this preparation was analysed for purity. Saline myoglobin solutions after deep freezing loose rapidly their immunoreactive Mb content. By addition of pure albumin, not containing heme binding proteins, a stable Mb solution was obtained. This has been used as standard (5--50 microgram/ml) in radial immunodiffusion sensitive for detecting 0.2--1 microgram Mb/ml.
The significance of proteinuria during febrile infectious diseases is widely underestimated, although the more marked proteinuria probably signalizes a parainfectious nephropathy rather than a functional disorder. This study shows that mild proteinuria of less than 0.65 g/24 h (normal range less than 0.3 g/24 h using the sensitive tannine-FeCl3-technique) might be caused by the elevated body temperature alone. 9 out of 18 volunteers without renal disease undergoing experimental hyperthermia of 40-41 degrees C for 1-2 h did not develop a proteinuria according to quantitative and qualitative (SDS-PAGE) measurements. In 6/18 the amount and composition of urinary proteins changed giving a glomerular type of proteinuria, possibly caused by temperature related transient glomerular alterations. In 3/18 a mild glomerulopathy existed before hyperthermia, as deduced from a glomerular pattern despite a quantitatively physiological proteinuria, leading in all 3 to pathological proteinuria during hyperthermia. In all 18 volunteers alterations reversed to normal within 12 h. Therefore, the degree of proteinuria during febrile diseases should be considered. Proteinuria of less than 0.5-1 g/24 h in adults might be explained by an altered glomerular function alone. Proteinurias exceeding this value, with a slow regressing tendency will indicate glomerular or tubulo-interstitial diseases, caused possibly by immunologic or toxic products resulting from underlying infectious disease.
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