This article examines the peer-reviewed literature on alternative teacher certification programs in the UnitedStates to see what can be concluded about who participates in these programs, where participants teach, how long participants stay, how participants' teaching is evaluated, and how well participants are able to promote student learning.The concept of "alternatives" to traditional state certification leaves a great deal of room for varied meaning. It can mean alternative ways to meet teacher certification requirements-such as a graduate level masters' degree program rather than an undergraduate teacher education program. It can mean alternative standards for certification which allows for truncated or reduced training-or for training completed during the course of a teaching career rather than prior to its initiation. Or it can mean alternatives to state certification itself, as where a state allows local employers to train and certify their own candidates.- Darling-Hammond (1990, p. 136)

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