Обзор содержит описание наиболее распространенных методов оценки и мониторинга «эндотелиальной дисфункции», рассматриваемых с позиций оценки их информативности и применимости в практической медицине. В тексте термин «функция эндотелия» толкуется, пре-имущественно, как функция регуляции капиллярного кровотока, осуществляемая за счет динамической смены фаз вазоконстрикции и ва-зодилатации сосудов резистивного типа (в соответствии с меняющимися потребностями клеточного обмена веществ). При этом оценка эн-дотелиальной дисфункции понимается как обобщенный показатель степени и характера нарушений регуляции периферического кровооб-ращения, в частности, как оценка дисбаланса эндотелий-зависимых вазоконстрикторных и вазодилатирующих факторов или рассогласова-ния локальной и центральной реакции системы регуляции капиллярного кровотока на различные функциональные пробы или иные воздействия -например, на холодовую пробу или на пробу с локальной ишемией. Все рассматриваемые методы оценки эндотелиальной дисфункции делятся в обзоре на инвазивные и неинвазивные. Основное отличие ин-вазивных методов заключается в прямом воздействии на эндотелий коронарных или иных сосудов с помощью введения в них вазоактив-ных веществ, например, ацетилхолина. При этом реакцию на пробу (расширение или сужение сосуда) оценивают коронарографически или по данным ультразвукового исследования. Неинвазивные методы оценки эндотелиальной дисфункции или функции регуляции перифери-ческого кровообращения рассматриваются как наиболее перспективные для широкого применения. В частности, выделяются два базовых метода, лежащие в основе функциональных тестов: методика ПАТ (периферический артериальный тонус) и ПГГ (полигепатография). Во многих современных научных исследованиях оценкам эндотелиальной дисфункции отводится очень важная роль. Их рассматривают как показатели, характеризующие наиболее общие и часто встречающиеся факторы возникновения множества различных заболеваний. Подобные оценки могут быть полезны и в повседневной медицинской практике. Многочисленные исследования, проведенные в последнее десятиле-тие, показали, что оценка функции эндотелия предоставляет клиницисту важную информацию, существенную для персонифицированного подбора терапии -в частности, для учета индивидуальных особенностей локального и центрального ответа системы регуляции перифери-ческого кровообращения на различные функциональные пробы или иные воздействия.Ключевые слова: функция эндотелия, факторы риска, атеросклероз, гипертоническая болезнь, хронические заболевания печени.Для цитирования: Шабров А.В., Апресян А.Г., Добкес А.Л., Ермолов С.Ю., Ермолова Т.В., Манасян С.Г., Сердюков С.В. Современные мето-ды оценки эндотелиальной дисфункции и возможности их применения в практической медицине. A review contains a description of the most common methods of evaluation and monitoring of "endothelial dysfunction" that are assessed in terms of their information content and applicability in the practice of medicine. The term "endothelial function" is interpreted primarily as a function of the re...

Purpose of the study. To assess the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of the method for non-invasive differential diagnosis of liver diseases by polyhepatography.Materials and methods. A random sampling method examined 45 primary patients. Polygepatography was performed on all patients to detect disorders of intrahepatic microcirculation during primary contacting. Based on the detected changes in intrahepatic hemodynamics and based on the morphofunctional hemodynamic model, a conclusion was made about the violation of intrahepatic blood flow and an assumption was made about the etiology and stage of liver disease. Subsequently, the diagnosis of liver diseases was verified after a detailed study of clinical-laboratory, instrumental and morphological data generally accepted in hepatology. Puncture liver biopsy by the Mancini method was performed in 11.1 % of the subjects.Results. All subjects were divided into three groups based on the data obtained on impaired intrahepatic hemodynamics during polyhepatography (PHG). The group I consisted of patients with impaired venous inflow, the group II included patients with impaired arteriovenous inflow, and group III — with impaired venous outflow. The obtained polyhepatographic data were compared with the results of clinical-laboratory, instrumental and morphological data. The high sensitivity, sufficient specificity and accuracy of the polyhepatography method in the diagnosis of chronic liver diseases have been determined.Conclusion. The studies carried out indicate that PHG is a simple, accessible and not burdensome examination method for the patient, which makes it possible to assess the localization of intrahepatic blood flow disorders, and, with a certain degree of probability, to assume the etiological factor of the disease and the stage of the disease. Given the specificity of changes in liver hemodynamics, de pending on the etiological factor and stage of the disease, assessment of intrahepatic hemodynamics by polyhepatography can be recommended as a screening method for examining patients with liver diseases, which will shorten the diagnostic search time.

Objective. The purpose of the work was to assess the application of modified ways of polyhepatography (PHG) and peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) in the evaluation of regulation of peripheral circulation (capillary blood flow).Design and methods. We included 150 people, divided into four groups. The first group (n = 40) includes patients with stage II hypertension, moderate and high risk of cardiovascular complications. The second group (n = 40) includes patients with stable forms of coronary heart disease in combination with hypertension. The third group (n = 40) includes patients with chronic liver diseases. The fourth group (n = 30) consisted of subjects without anamnestic and objective data of pathology. All subjects underwent a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination, an assessment of intrahepatic hemodynamics by the PGG method, an assessment of the endothelial function by the PAT method. A modified method of PAT was used to evaluate the central reaction of the peripheral blood flow regulation system (endothelium-independent vasodilation).Results. Endothelial dysfunction was found in patients with cardiovascular pathology and in patients with chronic liver diseases. A modified method of PAT showed a multidirectional reaction of peripheral blood flow to the test with local ischemia. A number of features were identified in the study groups when assessing disorders of intrahepatic microcirculation. Patients of group I had multidirectional disorders of arteriovenous inflow (45% cases, confidence interval (CI) from 27 % to 63 %) and outflow (37,5 %, CI from 22 % to 56 %) in the liver, while in patients of group II and group III, disorders of arteriovenous inflow were more common, 85 % (CI from 70 % to 95%) and 90% (82 % to 94%), respectively. Rheographic signs of bile passage disorders were more common in groups II  and III. A significant negative relationship was established between endothelial dysfunction and the severity of intrahepatic microcirculation disorders (r = –0,35, p < 0,001).Conclusions. Modified methods of peripheral arterial tone and PHG enable assessment of local and central mechanisms of blood flow regulation at the microvascular level in patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease and chronic liver diseases. The relationship between impaired endothelial function and intrahepatic microcirculation allows us to consider the liver as a target organ in cardiovascular pathology.

The article presents a new method for determining diastolic function of the right ventricle in patients with essential hypertension through evaluation of intrahepatic blood flow by the method of polyhepatography.

A study of intrahepatic blood flow by polyhepatography and evaluation of endothelial function by peripheral arterial tonometry in patients with essential hypertension and coronary heart disease was conducted. The study included 105 people. The subjects were divided into three groups: patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease in combination with hypertension, and a group of healthy people. In all observed cases, except for the healthy group, hemodynamic changes were detected. The features of impaired intrahepatic blood flow in patients with cardiovascular pathology were revealed. The nature of blood flow disorders largely depended on the etiologic factor. The endothelial dysfunction revealed in patients with cardiovascular disease. In patients with arterial hypertension in combination with or without coronary heart disease, a relationship was found between endothelial dysfunction and intrahepatic hemodynamic disorders. The relationship of endothelial dysfunction and intrahepatic hemodynamic disorders was established, in patients with hypertension in combination with coronary heart disease or without it. Therefore, the liver is involved in the pathological process, regardless of the form of myocardial damage in cardiovascular pathology. It is accompanied by varying degrees of severity of intrahepatic microcirculation disorders and endothelial dysfunction of the peripheral vascular bed. This may be a consequence of the universal reaction of the endothelium due to realized effect of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this regard, the liver can be considered as one of the target organs in patients with cardiovascular pathology.