Deadwood in various stages of decomposition and diverse spatial arrangements provides habitat for numerous organisms. However, knowledge on the colonization of deadwood by vascular plants in mixed deciduous forests is insufficient. We carried out our study in an oak-lime-hornbeam forest in northeastern Poland. Downed logs were colonized by 49 vascular plant species, a number higher than reported from any other type of forest. Species richness and abundance of plants increased with log diameter and decomposition. The former was higher on broadleaf deadwood than on coniferous deadwood (46 vs. 38 species). The frequency and abundance on logs were higher for small-seeded plants (<1 mg) than for bigger, heavier seeded plants. Deadwood surface served as an ecological filter, keeping small seeds in cracks, but allowing bigger seeds to roll down. Tree seedling density increased with wood decomposition. However, for eight of nine species, it was higher on the ground than on deadwood. Only spruce seedlings were recorded almost exclusively on deadwood, constituting a crucial substrate for spruce regeneration in meso-eutrophic forests. Therefore, we stress the importance of constant deadwood supply, on the scale of decades, to ensure the diversity of this substrate and to allow the natural dynamics of deadwood-dependent species populations.Résumé : Le bois mort à divers stades de décomposition et dans divers arrangements spatiaux procure un habitat à de nombreux organismes. Cependant, nos connaissances sur la colonisation du bois mort par les plantes vasculaires dans les forêts feuillues mixtes sont insuffisantes. Nous avons réalisé notre étude dans la forêt de chêne, de tilleul et de charme du nord-est de la Pologne. Les billes au sol étaient colonisées par 49 espèces de plantes vasculaires, soit un nombre plus élevé que ce qui a été rapporté dans n'importe quel autre type de forêt. La richesse en espèces et l'abondance des plantes augmentaient avec le diamètre des billes et leur degré de décomposition. La richesse en espèces était plus grande sur le bois mort feuillu que résineux (46 vs 38 espèces). La fréquence et l'abondance des plantes avec de petites graines (<1 mg) étaient plus élevées sur les billes que celles des plantes dont les graines sont plus grosses et plus lourdes. La surface du bois mort sert probablement de filtre écologique, en conservant les petites graines dans les fissures mais en laissant les graines plus grosses rouler jusqu'au sol. La densité des semis d'arbres augmentait avec le degré de décomposition du bois. Cependant, la densité de huit des neuf espèces était plus élevée sur le sol que sur le bois mort. Seuls les semis d'épicéa ont été retrouvés presque exclusivement sur le bois mort qui constitue un substrat essentiel pour la régénération de cette espèce dans les forêts méso-eutrophes. Par conséquent nous insistons sur l'importance d'un approvisionnement constant de bois mort, sur une échelle décennale, pour assurer la diversité de ce substrat et maintenir la dynamique naturelle des populations ...
Forest seed banks mostly studied in managed forests proved to be small, species poor and not reflecting aboveground species composition. Yet studies conducted in undisturbed communities indicate a different seed bank characteristic. Therefore we aimed at describing soil seed bank in an undisturbed forest in a remnant of European lowland temperate forests, the Białowieża Forest. We compared similarity between the herb layer and seed bank, similarity of seed bank between different patches, and dominance structure of species in the herb layer and in the seed bank of two related oak-hornbeam communities. We report relatively high values of Sorensen species similarity index between herb layer and seed bank of both patches. This suggests higher species similarity of the herb layer and soil seed bank in natural, unmanaged forests represented by both plots than in fragmented communities influenced by man. Although there was a set of core seed bank species present at both plots, yielding high Sorensen species similarity index values, considerable differences between plots in seed bank size and dominance structure of species were found, indicating spatial variability of studied seed bank generated by edaphic conditions. Dominance structure of species in the herb layer was not reflected in the underlying seed bank. This stresses, that natural forest regeneration cannot rely only on the seed bank, although some forest species are capable of forming soil seed banks. While forest seed banks may not reflect vegetation composition of past successional stages, they may inform on history and land use of a specific plot
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