Abstract. The main aim of this paper was to analyze possible utilization of the low concentration nanofluids and the magnetic field to enhance heat transfer. The studied fluids were based on water with an addition of copper particles (40-60 nm diameter). They belonged to the diamagnetic group of materials. As a first attempt to stated target the analysis of enclosure placed in the maximal value of square magnetic induction gradient was carried out. The maximum was in the centre of investigated cavity and it caused the most complex system of gravitational and magnetic buoyancy forces. In the lower part of cavity both forces acted in the same direction, while in the upper part they counteracted. Therefore an enhancement and attenuation of heat transfer could be observed. Due to the particle concentration and magnetic field action the character of flow was changed. In the case of 50 ppm nanofluid the flow was steady end the strong magnetic field didn't change much in its structure except for the suppression of some vortices. In the case of 500 ppm nanofluid the flow was not steady even without magnetic field, but increasing magnetic induction caused change of its structure towards the inertial-convective regime of turbulent flow.

Purpose Nanofluids’ properties made them interesting for various areas like engineering, medicine or cosmetology. Discussed here, research pertains to specific problem of heat transfer enhancement with application of the magnetic field. The main idea was to transfer high heat rates with utilization of nanofluids including metallic non-ferrous particles. The expectation was based on changed nanofluid properties. However, the results of experimental analysis did not meet it. The heat transfer effect was smaller than in the case of base fluid. The only way to understand the process was to involve the computational fluid dynamics, which could help to clarify this issue. The purpose of this research is deep understanding of the external magnetic field effect on the nanofluids heat transfer. Design/methodology/approach In presented experimental and numerical studies, the water and silver nanofluids were considered. From the numerical point of view, three approaches to model the nanofluid in the strong magnetic field were used: single-phase Euler, Euler–Euler and Euler–Lagrange. In two-phase approach, the momentum transfer equations for individual phases were coupled through the interphase momentum transfer term expressing the volume force exerted by one phase on the second one. Findings Therefore, the results of numerical simulation predicted decrease of convection heat transfer for nanofluid with respect to pure water, which agreed with the experimental results. The experimental and numerical results are in good agreement with each other, which confirms the right choice of two-phase approach in analysis of nanofluid thermo-magnetic convection. Originality/value The Euler–Lagrange exhibit the best matching with the experimental results.

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An experimental analysis of high magnetic field impact on the natural convection of a paramagnetic fluid was conducted. Two geometries of experimental enclosures were investigated: Enclosure no. 1 with an aspect ratio of 0.5 (AR aspect ratio = height/width) and Enclosure no. 2 with a higher aspect ratio equal to 2.0. Various magnetic field inductions were analysed and representative parts of the obtained results are shown in the present paper. Estimations of the Nusselt number and spectral analysis of the fluid's behaviour were performed. The obtained results led to the conclusion that magnetic field has an immense impact on paramagnetic fluid flow, on heat transferred by the flow, as well as the flow structure. Introducing an additional buoyancy force to the system, acting toward intensification of the fluid motion, causes significant enhancement of the Nusselt number in both geometries. Additionally, a spectral analysis of temperature changes indicates that large flow structures occurring in natural convection cases at low frequencies, under the influence of magnetic field, transform towards smaller structures in the whole frequency band.

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