The characteristics of Viper's bugloss (Echium vulgare) plant, its pharmacological properties, and extracts’ composition are presented in this study. Results of the literature analysis, data on the biologically active compounds and areas of use of this medicinal plant are summarized. Viper's bugloss (E. vulgare) is a species of flowering plant in the borage family Boraginaceae. It is native to most of Europe as well as western and central Asia. Viper's bugloss (E. vulgare) is a plant that has been utilized as food (honey), medicine, a poison, an oil, and as a dye and tannin-producing ornamental plant. Viper's bugloss (E. vulgare) is especially rich in pyrrolizidine alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, sterones and naphthoquinones. In traditional medicine, Viper's bugloss (E. vulgare) is utilized as exhilarant and a mood stimulant. That is why one of the possible uses of this plant is considered to be treatment of depressive states. Like most representatives of Boraginaceae family, it has been insufficiently studied. No previous work quantifying flavonoids content of aerial parts of Viper's bugloss (E. vulgare) growing in Ukraine has been presented. Continuing the studies of this species, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Viper's bugloss (E. vulgare) aerial parts were obtained and their phytochemical composition was investigated. For the first time, the qualitative analysis of biologically active compounds in Viper’s bugloss’s extract as well as the quantitative analysis of flavonoids by aluminum chloride spectrophotometric method are reported. The experimental results showed that the total concentration of flavonoids was 2.59% in the extract. The maximum yield of extractives was found to be 16%. The obtained research data will be used in future investigations.

This study reports the features of the mass transfer kinetics during the extraction of phenolic compounds and flavonoids from the Carlina acaulis roots. The extraction process of target compounds was optimized and the mathematical model was selected, which implies that the mass transfer of target compounds occurs during the extraction of the solid phase (plant cells) into the liquid phase (extractant). The most effective hydrodynamic conditions for the production of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined. An experimental verification of the kinetic equation was carried out by extracting the target compounds from the studied object of various sizes in a vessel with a stirrer using 40% and 70% ethanol as an extractant. The results of the experiment indicated that the target compounds extraction process, namely phenolic compounds and flavonoids from the Carlina acaulis roots, proceeds more efficiently under stirring conditions when using particles with a diameter of 2 mm and 70% ethanol as an extractant. The experimental data are in good agreement with the theoretically calculated results, which confirms the appropriateness of using the selected mathematical model. Studies of the kinetics of Carlina acaulis roots extraction process will allow minimizing the losses of target compounds, and improving the extraction process and the quality of final product.

Одержано калусну біомасу Calendula officinalis в умовах in vitro біотехнологічним методом. Наведено результати хромато-мас-спектрометричного аналізу хлороформних екстрактів насіння рослини (ідентифіковано 5 сполук) та калусної біомаси (ідентифіковано 11 сполук) на вміст біологічно активних речовин (БАР). Проведено біологічний скринінг БАР калусної біомаси. Одержана калусна біомаса та біологічно активний хлороформний екстракт на її основі є альтернативним джерелом сировини Calendula officinalis для фармацевтичної та косметичної промисловості. Ключові слова: калусна біомаса, хромато-мас-спектрометрія, фітохімічний склад, Calendula officinalis, косметичні препарати, біологічний скринінг.

The object of this research is the herb Adonis vernalis and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained on its basis. By the nature of the action, the drugs Adonis vernalis belong to the group of cardiac glycosides and occupy an intermediate place between strophanthin and digitalis. In official medicine, biologically active compounds of Adonis vernalis are included in drugs such as Cardiovalen, Adonis-bromine, Caridiolin and Cardiophyte. In the extemporal formulation, the extract is part of the Bechterew’s medicine. Until recently, scientists have made significant progress in studying the phytochemical and pharmacological action of the herb Adonis vernalis. However, one should not be limited to the use of Adonis vernalis only for stimulating cardiac activity, one should also consider the promising antioxidant effect of flavonoids and phenolic compounds that are contained in this medicinal plant. Also, studies of the extraction conditions of the herb Adonis vernalis are not described in the scientific literature. The study carried out the extraction of the grass Adonis vernalis by various methods (static and dynamic). The type of extract was chosen as the most rational, which provides the maximum yield of extractives (phenolic compounds and cardiac glycosides). For this, the optimal extraction conditions were selected, namely, the particle size, the type of extractant, the value of the hydromodule and the extraction method. Accordingly, the optimal particle diameter for maximum extraction of biologically active substances of the herb Adonis vernalis is 2.5 mm, the optimal extractant is 70 % ethyl alcohol, the ratio of raw materials: extractant is 1:10, the optimal extraction method is maceration with constant stirring. Phytochemical studies of the quantitative composition of the main groups of biologically active substances were carried out using calorimetric and spectrophotometric methods of analysis. As a result of the optimization of the process and its introduction into production on an industrial scale, the value added effect will be achieved. And also a high-quality product has been created that will compete with broad-spectrum drugs already existing on the market.

SECTION 9. THEORY, PRACTICE AND TEACHING METHODS Using the method of creating problem situations in the process of teaching professional disciplinesModern pedagogical science is in the process of constant development: as the role of man in culture, economy and all spheres of social relations changes, the goals of education change, pedagogical methods improve, new ideas appear.In the theory and practice of pedagogy today there are a large number of different concepts, theories, approaches to learning, based on certain educational goals, on certain features of the transfer or acquisition of knowledge. Learning technologies are characterized by rational organization of educational activities, the ability to obtain the desired result at the lowest cost, the introduction of systems thinking. Such technologies allow to make the educational process manageable with orderliness of actions and guarantee achievement of pedagogical purposes.The task of the modern school is the formation of a harmoniously developed personality. If learning leads to the development of creative abilities, then such learning can be equated to developmental learning, and the teacher, based on knowledge of the patterns of development of thinking, special methods carry out purposeful work to form mental abilities and cognitive needs of students in learning.Such training is problematic.Problem-based learning arose as an attempt to overcome the main shortcoming of traditional learning, which exploits a person's memory and virtually eliminates the possibility of his mental activity. At the core of problem-based learning is the idea of the American educator and psychologist D. Dewey, who believed that instead of instilling false absolutes in students, education should prepare schoolchildren and students to solve problems that grow with their individual experience [484][485][486].The purpose of the article is to detection the main aspects of the application of the method of creating problem situations in the teaching of professional disciplines.To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks: analyze the available sources of problem-based learning; to reveal the essence of problem-based