Background: Cricoid pressure is a standard anaesthetic procedure used to reduce the risk of aspiration of gastric contents during the induction of general anaesthesia. However, for several years its validity has been questioned. There still remains the question of whether we perform it correctly. The aim of the study was an evaluation of the theoretical knowledge of Sellick's manoeuvre, as well an assessment of practical skill related with it when simulated on a model of the upper airway. Methods: The study was performed on a cohort of anaesthetists and anaesthetic nurses working in various hospitals in the Warsaw area. Measurements were taken on an upper airway model placed on an electronic kitchen scale. Participants were asked to perform Sellick's manoeuvre in the way they do it in their clinical practice. The test was done twice. Both the position and pressures applied on the model were documented. Knowledge concerning current recommendations of cricoid force was noted. Results: 206 subjects participated in the study. Only 49% (n = 101) properly identified cricoid cartilage during their application of Sellick's manoeuvre. Application of the correct pressure on the model of the airway was noted in 16.5% (n = 34) during the first attempt and in 20.4% (n = 42) during the second attempt. The median force applied during simulated Sellick's manoeuvre was 36 N (IQR: 26-55) in the first attempt, and 38 in the second attempt. Conclusions: Sellick's manoeuvre was performed incorrectly in many cases. Half of the participants of our study applied the pressure in the wrong place while the majority of them used an inappropriate amount of force. Thus, the application of cricoid pressure in patients should be preceded with simulation training.

The aim of this article is to attempt constructing a conceptual framework and define the right to migration security and include it in the Europe-wide discourse on the migration crisis. In the adopted approach, the right to migration security is a third-generation right, i.e. a solidarity right in the doctrine of human rights. This right protects primarily the receiving society against the threats resulting from migration flows. On the other hand, non-voluntary immigrants have the right to seek protection in a secure way. The study analyses the range of the right to security in the context of human security and points out the necessity of ensuring the security of migration processes, which poses a special challenge to the international system of human rights. The authors also focus on highlighting the strengths of third-generation rights as a remedy to the problems faced by the international community. Finally, the authors propose to include the right to migration security in the EU’s system for the protection of fundamental rights and the guarantees functioning within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice.

This article seeks to analyse the judgment of the Court of Justice in the Celaj case. The ruling in question concerns Italian national legislation which facilitates the imposition of criminal law sanctions on a third-country national who illegally enters the territory of a Member State accompanied by a breach of a previous entry ban. Although Advocate General Maciej Szpunar claimed in his opinion that such a national provision was incompatible with the main purpose of the Return Directive (which is, in principle, to return every undocumented migrant), the Court of Justice decided in the final judgment that the criminalisation of such an illegal entry should be allowed. Moreover, in its ruling, the Court of Justice suggests that authorities should differentiate between the first entry and subsequent entries and thus apply the provisions of the directive accordingly. The author analyses and compares the Advocate General’s opinion with the final judgement of the Court and examines the consequences of the ruling for eu return policy. The ruling in question, which, in the author’s opinion, has a precedent character and may raise controversies, implies a juxtaposition of conflicting values: the principle of effectiveness of the Return Directive as opposed to ensuring full respect for the rule of law, the effectiveness of law and of the principle of ‘nullum crimen sine lege’. By giving priority to the principles of the rule of law and legal certainty, the Court clearly indicates that ‘it is not a crime to be a foreigner,’ yet the law imposes certain rules and duties on foreigners, which they must abide by, whereas the duty of Member States is to uphold the rule of law.

In the judgment in question, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) for the first time ever carried out such broad interpretation of Article 9 (2) (2) (e) of Directive 2011/95/EU in the context of non-formalized refusal to perform military service by a young Syrian who escaped from his country of origin. The paper analyses the impact of the CJEU judgment on the functioning of the guarantee of the right to conscientious objection to military service within the EU asylum law. It also asks two key questions. First, in the light of the analysed judgment, should any potential Syrian conscript who in reality does not support the government (non-opportunist) and who evades military service be granted protection? Secondly, do all Syrian conscripts who join the army make themselves subject in the future to automatic exclusion from protection?

S u m m a r yPrimula veris L. (Primulaceae) is a well-known medicinal herb. The callus induction response of three explant types: roots, cotyledons, and hypocotyls of four-week-old cowslip seedlings were evaluated. The highest statistically different callus induction rate was 93.6% and was obtained from root explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l BA and 5.0 mg/l PIC. Calli also appeared on 83.3% of cotyledon explants on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA and 3.5 mg/l 2,4-D and on 81.0% of root explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l KIN and 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D. These values were not statistically different. The average time required for callus initiation was 4 to 6 weeks, however, it depended on the explants type. The most suitable condition for callus proliferation and growth was MS medium with 0.5 mg/l TDZ and 0.1 mg/l NAA, and with 1.0 mg/l BA and