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The quality and regulation of the incident light is crucial in microalgae cultivation processes. Depending on wavelength, spectrum, and intensity, growth characteristics and biochemical composition of these organisms vary. With mainly fluorescent lamps (FL) used previously for illumination, such variabilities could not be studied adequately due to their broad emission spectrum. In contrast, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit a very narrow wavelength band and enable flexible photobioreactor designs due to their small size. This review provides a condensed overview on the application of LEDs in microalgal cultivation processes. It summarizes the current availability and applicability of LED technologies as an illumination source for research-focused photobioreactor systems. A particular focus is the use of narrow-wavelength LEDs to address fundamental as well as applied aspects of light color on algae biomass and value-added compound formation. In this respect, the application of internal and external illumination systems is reviewed together with trends in the industrial use of LED systems to intensify algae process efficiency.

Experience with the AFMAG method has demonstrated that an electromagnetic exploration system using the Earth’s natural audiofrequency magnetic fields as an energy source is capable of mapping subsurface electrical structure in the upper kilometer of the Earth’s crust. We resolved the limitations of this method by adapting the tensor analysis and remote reference noise bias removal techniques from the geomagnetic induction and magnetotelluric methods to computation of the tippers. After a thorough spectral study of the natural magnetic fields, we designed lightweight magnetic field sensors capable of measuring the magnetic field throughout the year. We also built a digital acquisition and processing system with the ability to provide audiofrequency tipper results in the field. This new instrumentation was used in a study of the Mariposa, California site previously mapped with AFMAG. This study once again demonstrates the usefulness of natural magnetic field data in mapping an electrically conductive body. Reoccupation of one of the sites in several different seasons proves the high level of repeatability of these data. As well as being repeatable, the tensor data provide additional information on the geometry of the conductive body. Different electrical conductivity features can be distinguished using a broad band of frequencies.