In his rich and varied work, Alain Mabanckou takes up themes widely explored by French-speaking authors, such as the difficult experience of immigration and the presentation of the native country embracing its cultural specificity. The writer’s fame, however, does not come solely from the fact that he offers novels which, through the perspective of direct experience and an unusual style, deal with major subjects of our time. Mabanckou works particularly on the novelistic form; he transforms and refreshes it in an ingenious way, drawing inspiration from both the oral African tradition, whose expressiveness and vigour he seeks to convey, and the Western literary culture, to which he regularly refers by allusions, quotations and borrowings of all kinds. Apart from creating a hybrid novel, in which opposing stylistics intertwine, the writer reorganizes the sphere of storytelling, proceeding with a kind of creative decentering which, paradoxically, places his work at the heart of current novelistic aesthetics. Replacing the impersonal and omniscient narrator who dominates Western fictions with homodiegetic narrators, literary counterparts of an African storyteller, he exploits and develops techniques of unreliable narration, widespread in contemporary novels. Memoirs of a Porcupine is a particularly interesting example in this regard: based on an African belief, it goes so far as to reproduce the impossible narrative situation and makes an animal tell the story. The present article explores this off-center, irrational and logically implausible storytelling that narratologists simply call “unnatural.” Relying on their theories and selected works concerning the literary animal, we will seek to identify the peculiarities of animal discourse and the textual meanings that it implicitly conveys.
Współczesne przedsiębiorstwa coraz częściej decydują się na wdrożenie outsourcingu w swojej działalności. Celem artykułu było ustalenie znaczenia outsourcingu w spółkach z sektora przemysłu i usług, notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Przeprowadzenie analizy umożliwiło sprawdzenie, czy spółki o odmiennym charakterze działalności w takim samym stopniu są skłonne korzystać z usług dostawców zewnętrznych. Przebadanie udziału kosztów, jakie spółki poniosły w ramach usług obcych w latach 2015-2018, umożliwiło częściową weryfikację przyjętej hipotezy. Należy zaznaczyć, iż istnieje pewne ograniczenie w interpretacji otrzymanych wyników. Nie wszystkie koszty, które wchodzą w skład usług obcych, muszą podlegać outsourcingowi. Okazało się, że istnieją istotne różnice w skłonności do powierzania części swoich zadań wykonawcy zewnętrznemu w różnych sektorach. Potwierdza to literatura oraz wynik nieparametrycznego testu U Manna-Whitneya.
Face à l'homme, face à l'animal Penser l'écocritique avec Élisabeth de FontenayFacing Man, Facing the Animal. Thinking Ecocriticism with Élisabeth de FontenayThe author seeks to relate the ideas of Élisabeth de Fontenay to what is now called an ecological turn in the humanities − particularly in literary studies − to see how the work and thought of the philosopher can accompany us in the exercise of ecocritical discourse on literature. Particular attention is paid to the reading of her book Gaspard de la nuit. Autobiographie de mon frère, which reveals human and animal fragility and invites the questioning of contemporary ecologically sensitive discourses.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.