We compared the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK 1 R) antagonists aprepitant, CP-99994 [(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine], and ZD6021 [3-cyano-N-((2S)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-[4-[2-(methyl-(S)-sulfinyl)phenyl]piperidino]butyl)-N-methyl]napthamide]] with respect to receptor interactions and duration of efficacy in vivo. In Ca 2ϩ mobilization assays (fluorometric imaging plate reader), antagonists were applied to human U373MG cells simultaneously with or 2.5 min before substance P (SP). In reversibility studies, antagonists were present for 30 min before washing, and responses to SP were repeatedly measured afterward. The compounds were administered i.p. to gerbils, and the gerbil foot tap (GFT) response was monitored at various time points. The NK 1 R receptor occupancy for aprepitant was determined in striatal regions. Levels of compound in brain and plasma were measured. Antagonists were equipotent at human NK 1 R and acted competitively with SP. After preincubation, aprepitant and ZD6021 attenuated the maximal responses, whereas CP-99994 only shifted the SP concentration-response curve to the right. The inhibitory effect of CP-99994 was over within 30 min, whereas for ZD6021, 50% inhibition still persisted after 60 min. Aprepitant produced maximal inhibition lasting at least 60 min. CP-99994 (3 mol/kg) inhibited GFT by 100% 15 min after administration, but the effect declined rapidly together with brain levels thereafter. The efficacy of ZD6021 (10 mol/kg) lasted 4 h and correlated well with brain levels. Aprepitant (3 mol/kg) inhibited GFT and occupied striatal NK 1 R by 100% for Ͼ48 h despite that brain levels of compound were below the limit of detection after 24 h. Slow functional reversibility is associated with long-lasting in vivo efficacy of NK 1 R antagonists, whereas the efficacy of compounds with rapid reversibility is reflected by their pharmacokinetics.The neurokinins substance P (SP), neurokinin (NK) A (NKA), and NKB belong to the tachykinin peptide family (Severini et al., 2002). The tachykinin receptors are divided into three subtypes: NK 1 R, NK 2 R, and NK 3 R. The rank order of potency of the endogenous tachykinins are: for NK 1 R, SP Ն NKA Ͼ NKB; for NK 2 R, NKA Ͼ NKB Ͼ SP; and for NK 3 R, NKB Ͼ NKA Ͼ SP (for review, see Pennefather et al., 2004). Hemokinin-1 and endokinins A and B are relatively new mammalian members of the tachykinin family but appear to have similar receptor pharmacology as SP (Page, 2006). On the other hand, endokinins C and D have negligible affinity for known NK receptors (Page, 2006).Preclinical research has implicated especially the NK 1 R as being involved in several pathological disorders, including emesis, asthma, psychiatric disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, pain, migraine, inflammation, and urinary bladder disorders. This has led to the subsequent development of selective and potent NK 1 R antagonists (for recent review, see Quartara and Altamura, 2006). However, so far, only aprepitant has reached the market for treatment of chemothe...

Evaluation and optimization of physicochemical and metabolic properties of compounds are a crucial component of the drug development process. Continuous access to this information during the design-make-test-analysis cycle enables identification of chemical entities with suitable properties for efficient project progression. In this study, we describe an integrated and automated assay panel (DMPK Wave 1) that informs weekly on lipophilicity, solubility, human plasma protein binding, and metabolic stability in rat hepatocytes and human liver microsomes. All assays are running in 96-well format with ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS)/MS as read-out. A streamlined overall workflow has been developed by optimizing all parts of the process, including shipping of compounds between sites, use of fit-for-purpose equipment and information systems, and technology for compound requesting, data analysis, and reporting. As a result, lead times can be achieved that well match project demands across sites independently of where compounds are synthesized. This robust screening strategy is run on a weekly basis and enables optimization of structure-activity relationships in parallel with DMPK properties to allow efficient and informed decision making.

Oral baclofen, at plasma levels similar to those reported safe and within a therapeutic range in humans, produced significant visceral anti-nociceptive effects in rats.

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