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Background. This review focuses on the frequency of symptoms in COVID-19 in comparison to SARS, influenza and common cold.Objectives. To evaluate and compare the knowledge about the clinical features, symptoms and differences between patients with COVID-19, SARS, influenza, and common cold. The research can help ear, nose and throat specialists and other health practitioners manage patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods.The biomedical databases used in the study included PubMed and MEDLINE. Statistical analysis using the Z-score test assessed which symptoms were more characteristic of COVID-19 than other viral diseases.Results. Among individuals with COVID-19, the most frequently reported symptoms were cough (70%), fever (45%), muscular pain (29%), and headache (21%), whereas sore throat (12%), and rhinorrhea (4%) were observed at lower rates. Fever was identified as most frequent in COVID-19 (74%), appearing at a higher rate in those cases than in influenza (68%) or the common cold (40%) (p < 0.05). In comparison to other viral diseases, sore throat was rarely reported in COVID-19 and SARS (12% and 18%, respectively) (p < 0.05). In influenza and common cold, a cough was identified in 93% and 80% of cases (p < 0.05). Headache, rhinorrhea, muscular pain, and sore throat were more common in influenza (91%, 91%, 94%, and 84%, respectively) and common cold (89%, 81%, 94%, and 84%, respectively) than in COVID-19 (21%, 4%, 29%, and 12%, respectively) and SARS (45%, 12%, 55%, and 18%, respectively) (p < 0.05). Conclusions.The results of the analysis show that a greater number of general symptoms should lead to a diagnosis of influenza or common cold rather than COVID-19.

Cel pracy. Celem pracy było zbadanie stanu wiedzy kobiet po porodzie na temat karmienia naturalnego. Materiał i metodyka. W badaniu wzięło udział 300 kobiet po porodzie w wieku od 18 do 41 lat. Narzędziem badawczym był autorski kwestionariusz ankiety. Uzyskane wyniki badań zostały poddane analizie statystycznej i opisowej z zastosowaniem oprogramowana STATISTICA 12.0 (StatSoft). Dla cech jakościowych do wykrycia istnienia zależności pomiędzy analizowanymi zmiennymi użyto testu Chi 2. Wyniki. Wśród ankietowanych 83,33% kobiet uważało, iż karmienie piersią należy rozpocząć w ciągu dwóch godzin po porodzie. Zauważono istotną statystycznie zależność pomiędzy wiedzą na ten temat a miejscem zamieszkania, statusem socjoekonomicznym oraz sposobem zakończenia ciąży. Wykazano także związek pomiędzy wiedzą na temat zaleceń WHO co do najkrótszego okresu wyłącznego karmienia piersią a wykształceniem oraz liczbą posiadanych dzieci. Najwięcej respondentek uznało Internet i telewizję jako kluczowe źródła, z których czerpią wiedzę na temat karmienia. Wnioski. Ankietowane biorące udział w badaniu prezentowały bardzo wysoki poziom wiedzy odnośnie do zaleceń związanych z karmieniem naturalnym.

The cell membrane is a complex system that consists of lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, and amphiphilic phospholipids. It plays an important role in ADME processes that are responsible for the final pharmaceutical effects of xenobiotics (bioavailability, activity). To study drug-membrane interaction at the molecular level, several high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) membrane model systems have been proposed which are mimicking mainly its lipid character. The aim of this work was to study interactions of new synthesized antiepileptic compounds of 4-alkyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives with Chirobiotic column containing glycoprotein ligand attached to the silica matrix. The affinity of the analytes to immobilized glycoprotein ligand was examined chromatographically in reversed-phase mode. The thermodynamics of interactions between bioactive compounds and teicoplanin was studied in terms of the van’t Hoff linear relationship ln k vs. 1/T in the range of 5–45 °C. Change in enthalpy (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°) and change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) were estimated utilizing graphical extrapolation and interpolation methods. The density functional theory (DFT) approach and docking simulations were used to get the molecular interpretation and prove the obtained experimental results. Cross-correlations of chromatographic and thermodynamic parameters with non-empirical topological and quantum chemical indices suggest that the polarizability of analytes appears to be responsible for the interactions of the tested molecules with teicoplanin and, ultimately, their retention on the column. Experimental and theoretical parameters were subjected to statistical analysis using regression models. Partial least squares (PLS) regression model showed the usefulness of the experimentally measured parameter φ0 (MeOH) to discriminate between anticonvulsant active and inactive 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives. Obtained results point out the usefulness of interaction of potential anticonvulsants with glycoprotein class of compounds to anticipate their activity.

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