Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a genetically heterogeneous cancer that accounts for 10–15% of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cases. The T-ALL event-free survival rate (EFS) is 85%. The evaluation of structural and numerical chromosomal changes is important for a comprehensive biological characterization of T-ALL, but there are currently no genetic prognostic markers. Despite chemotherapy regimens, steroids, and allogeneic transplantation, relapse is the main problem in children with T-ALL. Due to the development of high-throughput molecular methods, the ability to define subgroups of T-ALL has significantly improved in the last few years. The profiling of the gene expression of T-ALL has led to the identification of T-ALL subgroups, and it is important in determining prognostic factors and choosing an appropriate treatment. Novel therapies targeting molecular aberrations offer promise in achieving better first remission with the hope of preventing relapse. The employment of precisely targeted therapeutic approaches is expected to improve the cure of the disease and quality of life of patients. These include therapies that inhibit Notch1 activation (bortezomib), JAK inhibitors in ETP-ALL (ruxolitinib), BCL inhibitors (venetoclax), and anti-CD38 therapy (daratumumab). Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) is under investigation, but it requires further development and trials. Nelarabine-based regimens remain the standard for treating the relapse of T-ALL.

The coagulation and immune systems, two vital systems in the human body, share intimate connections that fundamentally determine patient health. These systems work together through several common regulatory pathways, including the Tissue Factor (TF) Pathway. Immune cells expressing TF and producing pro-inflammatory cytokines can influence coagulation, while coagulation factors and processes reciprocally impact immune responses by activating immune cells and controlling their functions. These shared pathways contribute to maintaining health and are also involved in various pathological conditions. Dysregulated coagulation, triggered by infection, inflammation, or tissue damage, can result in conditions such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Concurrently, immune dysregulation may lead to coagulation disorders and thrombotic complications. This review elucidates these intricate interactions, emphasizing their roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Understanding the complex interplay between these systems is critical for disease management and the development of effective treatments. By exploring these common regulatory mechanisms, we can uncover innovative therapeutic strategies targeting these intricate disorders. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the mutual interaction between the coagulation and immune systems, highlighting its significance in health maintenance and disease pathology.

Introduction and purpose:The laryngeal cancer is the most common cancer of head and neck and is associated with smoking. It is mainly squamous cell carcinoma. There are many methods to diagnosis this cancer. The most important method of the treatment is complicated operationlaryngectomy which is described in this article. There are presented diagnosis and staging of laryngeal cancer, the main types of laryngectomy, process, results and complications. And the end of this article will be mentioned about the loss of voice and of normal and efficient verbal communication as a negative consequence associated with this type of surgery that can have significant impacts on the quality of life. The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with the topic of laryngectomy as the primary treatment for larynx cancer. Description of the state of knowledge: Studies show an increase in the incidence of this type of cancer. The main risk factors are smoking, drinking alcohol and exposure to heavy metals. Symptoms are really different and include hoarseness, sore throat, coughing and dysphagia. Depending on the location, the course of the cancer can be different. The main examinations are laryngoscopy, CT, MRI, USG and PET. The laryngectomy procedure as a main therapy must be radical as far as possible to the extent that the tumor can be resected within healthy tissue but the goal is to preserve the largest possible function of the organ. The most often complication is pharyngocutaneous fistula. Summary:The laryngectomy is the main method of therapy of the laryngeal cancer. it is a mutilating and often speech-depriving procedure but medicine has now many solutions for this kind of patients.