Background: The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates iodide (I -) transport in the thyroid, lactating breast, salivary glands, and stomach. Whereas NIS expression and regulation have been extensively investigated in healthy and neoplastic thyroid and breast tissues, little is known about NIS expression and function along the healthy and diseased gastrointestinal tract.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant tumor of the salivary glands but identical tumors can also arise from the breast. Despite their similar histomorphological appearance the salivary gland- and the breast-derived forms differ in their clinical features: while ACC of the salivary glands (sACC) have an aggressive clinical course, the breast-derived form (bACC) shows a very favourable clinical outcome. To date no exact molecular alterations have yet been identified which would explain the diverse clinical features of the ACCs of different origin. In our pilot experiment we investigated the post-transcriptional features of ACC cases by performing microRNA-profiling on 2-2 bACC and sACC tissues and on 1-1 normal breast and salivary gland tissue. By comparing the microRNA-profiles of the investigated samples we identified microRNAs which were expressed differently in bACC and sACC cases according to their normal controls: 7 microRNAs were overexpressed in sACC cases and downexpressed in bACC tumors (let-7b, let-7c, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-24, miR-195, miR-768-3) while 9 microRNAs were downexpressed in sACC cases and overexpressed in bACC tissues (let-7e, miR-23b, miR-27b, miR-193b, miR-320a, miR-320c, miR-768-5p, miR-1280 and miR-1826) relative to their controls. We also identified 8 microRNAs which were only expressed in sACCs and one microRNA (miR-1234) which was only absent in sACC cases. By target predictor online databases potential targets of the these microRNAs were detected to identify genes that may play central role in the diverse clinical outcome of bACC and sACC cases.
The origin of transient RLN palsy is multifactorial: plexus shaped microscopic nerve structure with or without branches, frame-like adventitial tissue, variable epineurium, inflammatory changes that involve not only the thyroid capsule but the perineural fascia, resultant nerve edema, and diffuse microhemorrhages by injury of fragile capillaries.
Esophageal replacement using artificial material is not a new concept. Prior experiences with prostheses, allografts and composite grafts have not proved particularly successful. The aim of this study is to investigate whether cryopreserved animal trachea is suitable for the replacement of the esophagus. In 12 beagle dogs a 6-cm-long segment of the cervical esophagus was removed, and was replaced with cryopreserved trachea, which had been stored for 21 days on -86 degrees C. The proximal and distal ends of the esophagus were joined together with the graft by simple continuous suture (Biosyn 3/0) and covered with the sternohyoid flap. Postoperatively 16 hematological parameters were measured. The dogs were planned to be euthanized at random on days 28, 42 and 56 after the operation. Tests for air leak were performed and the inner diameter of the graft was measured to detect shrinkage. The microscopic structure of the graft was analyzed using haematoxylin and eosin staining. There was no indication of insufficiency. Based on the air leak test the sutures withheld properly. The inner diameter of the graft narrowed from an average 19 mm (+/- 1 mm) to 15.8 mm (+/- 0.6 mm). In length, the graft shortened from an average 60 mm to 47 mm (+/- 3 mm). No feeding difficulty was observed. In two cases wound suppuration was found involving only the cutaneous and subcutaneous layers. Concerning the laboratory parameters, only the fibrinogen level and white blood cell count showed temporary although significant changes. Histology findings on the 56th day showed absolute integration of the trachea with the esophagus, with disintegration of the tracheal cartilages. Cryopreserved trachea seems to be suitable for the replacement of a 5-6-cm-long esophageal segment.
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