Wspó czesne realia ycia gospodarczego ka spojrze na funkcjonowanie przedsi biorstwa przez pryzmat nie tylko podstawowego celu, jakim jest d enie do maksymalizacji zysku, ale z uwzgl dnieniem przy jego wypracowaniu potrzeb szerszej grupy interesariuszy. Dlatego coraz cz ciej przy dokonywaniu pomiaru warto ci przedsi biorstwa uwzgl dnia si aspekty jako ciowe, które wp ywaj na efektywno funkcjonowania przedsi biorstwa, jak równie na jego wycen . Do takich w a nie elementów zalicza si mechanizmy corporate governance. Podstawow rol , jak przypisuje si rekomendacjom corporate governance, jest stworzenie ram i wytycznych, w oparciu o które przedsi biorstwo powinno prowadzi swoj dzia alno , je li chce sprosta wymogom konkurencyjno ci i podnie swoj warto rynkow . S owa kluczowe: ad korporacyjny, warto przedsi biorstwa.The modern realities of economic life suggest looking at the functioning of an enterprise not only from the perspective of profit maximization but also with account being taken of the needs of a broader group of stakeholders. Therefore, more and more often, when measuring the value of a business, the qualitative aspects that affect the effectiveness of a company's operations as well as its valuation are taken into account. Such elements include corporate governance mechanisms. The core role attributed to the recommendations on corporate governance is creating a framework and guidelines based on which an enterprise should conduct its business in order to meet the requirements of competitiveness and increase its market value.
Goal – the purpose of the article is to present the significance and role of institutional coherence in the development and evolution of corporate governance in Poland. Research methodology – a review of the literature on examining the specificity of knowledge about the role of institutional coherence in the development and evolution of corporate governance in Poland and analysis and assessment of the changes in good practice codes in Poland. Score/results – a systemic approach to the issue of corporate governance reveals that it is a collection of both formal and informal institutions. Through mutual interac tion, corporate governance rules lead to the emergence of a relatively stable and predictable environment in which enterprises and their stakeholders can operate. Originality/value – analysis of good practice codes in Poland reveals that the process of their adjustment to the current social and cultural norms, as well as to the expectations of the market, can be positively evaluated, as evidenced by the fact that their new editions continue to be published. The provisions which appear in good practice codes year by year adequately reflect the needs and expectations of the market.
Spółka akcyjna została obdarzona przez prawodawcę osobowością prawną, który nie sprecyzował jednak pojęcia interesu spółki, wobec czego doktryna zdefiniowała go jako realizacja celu, dla którego dana spółka powstała. Ponadto, doktryna zwraca uwagę na jeszcze jeden element, a więc fakt, że interes spółki handlowej jest wypadkową interesów wszystkich grup jej wspólników z uwzględnieniem zastrzeżonego w umowie lub w statucie spółki wspólnego celu, do osiągnięcia którego wspólnicy zobowiązali się dążyć. Jednocześnie interes spółki nie powinien być utożsamiany ani z interesem akcjonariusza większościowego, ani też z ochroną interesów akcjonariusza mniejszościowego, gdyż obie grupy mogą kierować się swoimi priorytetami, które nie zawsze będą zgodne z dobrem samej spółki 1 .Ze względu na różnice interesów podmiotów zaangażowanych w działanie spółki może dochodzić między nimi do konfliktów, które osłabiają wizerunek spółki, a przez to również mogą negatywnie wpłynąć na jej wyniki finansowe. Z tego względu podejmowane są próby niwelowania, a nawet zapobiegania ich powstawaniu. Próby ochrony interesu wszystkich interesariuszy i zapobieganie nadużyciom podejmuje się corporate governance poprzez zasady stanowiące fundament Kodeksów Dobrych Praktyk.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest potwierdzenie tezy, w myśl której zasady corporate governance skutecznie niwelują konflikty pomiędzy interesem spółki
Goal – the sector of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is considered a driving force for economic development. The literature on the subject increasingly emphasises that it is SMEs that initiate transformation of an economy as they play a crucial role in implementing innovations that make it possible to enhance its competitive success. The purpose of the article is to assess the level of innovativeness (innovative activity) of small and medium enterprises in CEE countries. Research methodology – the article contains an analysis of innovation measures and indicators, including (among others) the share of enterprises classified as innovative, the level of outlays on research and development, the number of research workers, and the number of innovations implemented by companies. The authors verified two research hypotheses: H1: The SME sector in CEE is becoming increasingly more innovative; H2: CEE countries significantly differ in terms of the level of innovativeness in their SMEs. In order to achieve our purpose and verify the research hypotheses, we use publicly available data and indicators published by Eurostat or the European Commission. The study covers EU member states located in Central and Eastern Europe: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Score/result – the presented statistical data indicate that the innovativeness of small and medium enterprises in CEE countries is growing. An increasing number of SMEs can be classified as innovating companies. The firms’ own expenditure on R&D (BERD) and non-R&D innovation has also been rising. A marked increase can be observed in the number of employed scientists and R&D personnel in small and medium enterprises in CEE countries. It should be emphasised, however, that these countries vary significantly in terms of their levels of innovation in the SMEs sector. Originality/value – the review of the literature on the subject and the conducted analysis have highlighted serious problems with measuring innovation and the availability of data, particularly that regarding SMEs. On the other hand, the obtained results make it possible to identify areas of interest for future research projects. Among them, special attention is deserved by the reasons for the disparities in innovation across SMEs from CEE countries.
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