The paper discusses the evolution of the informal employment in the Russian labor market over the last decade. It uses all consecutive waves of the Labor Force Survey conducted by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service in 1999-2009. Looking inside the informality and tracing its evolution over time, we pay special attention to heterogeneity of the informal employment and distinguish salaried informal workers and informal self-employed as two major informal groups. Simple descriptive analysis is complemented by estimating marginal effects from multinomial logit regressions. Additionally, we use cross-section estimates of informality for all Russian regions for 1999-2009 and build a new hand-made panel database with regions as observations.

No abstract

This article addresses the issue of socio-demographic factors of becoming NEET, i.e. dropping out of employment, education or training for individuals aged 15-24. Empirical analysis was based on the micro-data of Russian Labour Force Survey (LFS) by Federal State Statistics Service for 1995-2015. The paper introduces the results of the analysis of the impact of education on NEET status, which were conducted for Russia on the basis of regression estimations for the first time. Contrary to previous studies, higher education doesn't provide a universal "safety net" from NEET status for all young people. NEET-unemployed youth in Russia mainly have tertiary education of one level or another, while NEET inactivity is concentrated among those who have only primary education and the size of the effect becomes even more pronounced for rural residents and females.

Organisation for Cooperation and Development (OECD). Occupational structure forecasts allow researchers to evaluate the quality of job openings and, consequently, overall future labour market performance. Identification of demand for certain occupations in Europe can facilitate assessment of whether processes occurring in the Russian labour market are consistent with global trends. The paper discusses the methodology of labour force forecasting and basic research approaches to the prediction of occupational structure changes. It emphasizes the dynamics of demand for representatives of certain occupations in Europe by identifying the fastest growing and declining occupations and suggests possible reasons for changing demand. The paper demonstrates that the main occupational trend over the next decade will consist in the increasing importance of professionals, as well as technicians and associate professionals. The increase in demand for health professionals and representatives of occupations providing scientific and technological innovation will be most significant. At the same time, it is expected that demand for elementary occupations will also rise. This process will evolve simultaneously with the decrease in the total number of skilled and semiskilled blue-collar occupations due to globalization and the reduction of industrial production in developed economies. The ongoing "mechanization" of many job functions will not eliminate the need for occupations such as cleaners, labourers, domestic servants or personal workers. The need for these jobs allow employees with low levels of education to enter the labour market rather than depending on the social benefit system. Another tendency for all countries with developed economies will be reduced demand for many whitecollar occupations as modern computer technologies and the automation of many routine functions previously performed by office workers becomes more prevalent.

views expressed in this report are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department for Education and Skills.