To explore the therapeutic value of lupeol on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats, a rheumatoid arthritis model. Lupeol is well known pentacyclic triterpene found in various plant sources, which possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. The current study was assessed the anti-arthritic potential of lupeol and its molecular mechanisms as compared with indomethacin (Indo) in collagen-induced arthritis CIA rats. The rats were randomly alienated into five groups: Control, CIA alone, CIA + lupeol (10 mg/kg bw), CIA + Indomethacin (3 mg/kg bw), and lupeol (10 mg/kg bw) alone. The paw volume, biochemical, hematological parameters, inflammatory enzymes, and cytokines were measured. As well protein expression of apoptotic proteins, and histopathological of ankle joint were examined. Inflammatory markers, cytokines, histological changes, paw volume, and inflammation were intensely reduced and enhanced apoptosis by lupeol. Alterations in hematological parameters, rheumatoid factor, C-reactive protein, and ceruloplasmin in arthritis were reverted by lupeol. Protein expressions of Bcl-2, and P13K/Akt signaling were declined, whereas the Bax, caspssae-3, and caspase-9 were elevated. These results highlighted that lupeol suppresses P13K/Akt signaling and has a promising anti-arthritic potential for collagen-induced rheumatic arthritis treatment. Hence lupeol would be suggested as an alternative natural source with potent anti-inflammatory and apoptotic actions for chronic inflammatory disorders.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Solanum xanthocarpum on KB human oral cancer cells by analyzing its anti-proliferative and apoptotic properties as well as its inhibitory effect on cell adhesion. In this study, the leaves extract of S. xanthocarpum was prepared using the maceration method. Cytotoxic effect of different doses of the S. xanthocarpum extract was assessed using MTT assay. Measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were also performed. In addition, we also studied the impacts of S. xanthocarpum on the apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential of KB cells. Determination of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation was performed using biochemical methods. The S. xanthocarpum showed cytotoxic activity against KB cells with IC50 (200 μg/mL). Besides, DCFH-DA staining and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining results demonstrated that S. xanthocarpum induced the generation of ROS and apoptosis in KB cells, respectively. Based on the Rh-123 staining results, S. xanthocarpum decreased mitochondrial depolarization in KB cells. Furthermore, the S. xanthocarpum treatment contributed to increased lipid peroxidation, accompanied by reduced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as decreased glutathione content. Taken together, these findings indicate that S. xanthocarpum extract might comprise bioactive compounds of therapeutic significance, which can inhibit the growth of KB cells.