No abstract

To review the current status of robotic training and the impact of various training platforms on the performance of robotic surgical trainees. Data Sources: Literature review of Google Scholar and PubMed. The search terms included a combination of the following: "robotic training," "simulation," "robotic curriculum," "obgyn residency robotic training," "virtual reality robotic training," "DaVinci training," "surgical simulation," "gyn surgical training." The sources considered for inclusion included peerreviewed articles, literature reviews, textbook chapters, and statements from various institutions involved in resident training. Methods of Study Selection: A literature search of Google Scholar and PubMed using terms related to robotic surgery and robotics training, as mentioned in the "Data Sources" section. Results: Multiple novel platforms that use machine learning and real-time video feedback to teach and evaluate robotic surgical skills have been developed over recent years. Various training curricula, virtual reality simulators, and other robotic training tools have been shown to enhance robotic surgical education and improve surgical skills. The integration of didactic learning, simulation, and intraoperative teaching into more comprehensive training curricula shows positive effects on robotic skills proficiency. Few robotic surgery training curricula have been validated through peer-reviewed study, and there is more work to be completed in this area. In addition, there is a lack of information about how the skills obtained through robotics curricula and simulation translate into operating room performance and patient outcomes. Conclusion: Data collected to date show promising advances in the training of robotic surgeons. A diverse array of curricula for training robotic surgeons continue to emerge, and existing teaching modalities are evolving to keep up with the rapidly growing demand for proficient robotic surgeons. Futures areas of growth include establishing competency benchmarks for existing training tools, validating existing curricula, and determining how to translate the acquired skills in simulation into performance in the operating room and patient outcomes. Many surgical training platforms are beginning to expand beyond discrete robotic skills training to procedure-specific and team training. There is still a wealth of research to be done to understand how to create an effective training experience for gynecologic surgical trainees and robotics teams.

The phenomenal growth of management education in the last two decades has been accompanied by much controversy. Critics consider that business schools tend to concentrate on theory and on quantitative analysis, while neglecting interpersonal relationships and qualitative thinking. It is often stated that management education should be experience-based, active, problem oriented and modified by feedback. The extent to which Action Learning meets these criteria is discussed in this paper. The difference between Action Learning and other types of management education is stressed.

In seinem Werke fiber die Typen der Bodenbildung schreibt GLINKA1 auf S. 172: ,,Die in den Mangroveb5den stattfindenden Erscheinungen, das SfiBwerden, die Verwandlung in kulturf~higen Boden, sind der natiirlichen Verwandlung der westeurop~ischen MarschbSden in Polder ~hnlieh." Es ist daher durchaus begreiflich, dab in der Mangroveliteratur schon h~ufig, zuletzt in der kfirzlich ersehienenen Arbeit yon TROLL und DRAGENDORFF ~, die Frage gestreift worden ist, ob in der Mangrove, ebenso wie es fiir die Wattkiisten unserer einheimisehen Meere bekannt ist, das Gef~lle des Salzgehaltes einer der ~aktoren ist, welehe die Zonierung der Vegetation bedingen, derart, daft dieienigen Spezies, welehe am weitesten aus braekigem Wasser in die See hinausgehen, aueh diejenigen sind, welche die st~rksten Salzkonzentrationen vertragen.So spricht KARSTE~S yon der Vorliebe der einen Mangrovearten fiir unmittelbare N~he des Seewassers, der anderen ffir mehr brackiges Wasser. ,,Sahen wir die ~uBersten Vorposten unserer Mangrove im salzigen Wasser beginnen und im Braekwasser ihr Hauptverbreitungsgebiet finden, so nimmt welter landeinw~rts der Salzgehalt des Bodens stetig weiter ab ~ (S. 7). Als Formen, die sich mit Vorliebe an der dem Meere zugewandten Seite finden, nennt er unter anderen l~hizophora; mehr auf der Landseite zeigen sieh unter anderen Bruguiera gymnorhiza, --um hier nur diejenigen Gattungen zu nennen, yon denen der vorliegende Aufsatz handeln soll. Bei KARSTE~ finder sich auch auf S. 6 die mit Riicksicht auf die uns interessierenden Fragen sehr bemerkenswerte Anmerkung, dab ira Garten zu Buitenzorg Sonneratia acida, Nipa ]ruticans und Bruguiera eriopetala gut gedeihen, abet die Kultur yon Rhizo-