Background and Purpose-The characteristics of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may vary by ICH location because of differences in the distribution of underlying cerebral small vessel diseases. Therefore, we investigated the incidence, characteristics, and outcome of lobar and nonlobar ICH. Methods-In a population-based, prospective inception cohort study of ICH, we used multiple overlapping sources of case ascertainment and follow-up to identify and validate ICH diagnoses in 2010 to 2011 in an adult population of 695 335. Results-There were 128 participants with first-ever primary ICH. The overall incidence of lobar ICH was similar to nonlobar ICH (9.

Child witnesses must endure a delay of around six months between observing or being the victim of an alleged offence and being required to give evidence in a criminal court. While the legal profession seem to believe that young children's memories are particularly sensitive to the passage of time, developmental psychology can offer little relevant data to support or refute this presumption. In the present study, children aged six and nine years and adults witnessed a staged event and were subsequently interviewed in the days following the event and/or five months later. Results indicate that while all witnesses forgot information over this period, the younger children (six years) recalled slightly less information than the older children and the adults. The total amount of incorrect information recalled did not increase over the same period. Two different interviewing techniques were used--cued recall vs. 'enhanced' recall--the latter incorporating some aspects of the cognitive interview procedure. No differences were found relating to the interview techniques employed. The results underline the importance of recording initial interviews with child witnesses wherever possible.

Background Hospital-based studies have reported variable associations between outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema volume. Aims In a community-based study, we aimed to investigate the existence, strength, direction, and independence of associations between intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema volumes on diagnostic brain CT and one-year functional outcome and long-term survival. Methods We identified all adults, resident in Lothian, diagnosed with first-ever, symptomatic spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage between June 2010 and May 2013 in a community-based, prospective inception cohort study. We defined regions of interest manually and used a semi-automated approach to measure intracerebral hemorrhage volume, peri-hematomal edema volume, and the sum of these measurements (total lesion volume) on first diagnostic brain CT performed at ≤3 days after symptom onset. The primary outcome was death or dependence (scores 3–6 on the modified Rankin Scale) at one-year after intracerebral hemorrhage. Results Two hundred ninety-two (85%) of 342 patients (median age 77.5 y, IQR 68–83, 186 (54%) female, median time from onset to CT 6.5 h (IQR 2.9–21.7)) were dead or dependent one year after intracerebral hemorrhage. Peri-hematomal edema and intracerebral hemorrhage volumes were colinear ( R2 = 0.77). In models using both intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema, 10 mL increments in intracerebral hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.72 (95% CI 1.08–2.87); p = 0.029) but not peri-hematomal edema volume (aOR 0.92 (0.63–1.45); p = 0.69) were independently associated with one-year death or dependence. 10 mL increments in total lesion volume were independently associated with one-year death or dependence (aOR 1.24 (1.11–1.42); p = 0.0004). Conclusion Total volume of intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema, and intracerebral hemorrhage volume alone on diagnostic brain CT, undertaken at three days or sooner, are independently associated with death or dependence one-year after intracerebral hemorrhage, but peri-hematomal edema volume is not. Data access statement Anonymized summary data may be requested from the corresponding author.

Objectives: To estimate the compliance rates for the use of hip protectors among people living in residential care homes. Population/setting: People aged 65 years and over living in residential care homes with 20 or more beds in East Kent, south east England. Methods: Seventeen homes with the highest historical frequency of hip fractures were selected. All residents were offered SAFEHIP hip protectors. Care staff recorded daily hip protector compliance on diary cards over six months. Compliance rates were estimated from the number of sessions (morning, afternoon, evening, night) that a person wore hip protectors. Results: A total of 153 (51%) out of 299 residents agreed to wear hip protectors The 24 hour compliance rate for those who were issued with hip protectors and wore them at least once was 29%: 37% in the daytime and 3% at night. Daytime compliance rates reduced from 47% for the first month, to around 30% for months 5 and 6. Conclusion: This study highlights the problems of persuading older people living in residential care homes to wear hip protectors. They have been shown to prevent hip fracture in nursing home (high risk) populations, and a recent trial showed their effectiveness in a mixed geriatric population. People living in residential care homes are also at greater risk of falling and fracturing than their counterparts living in the community. Initiatives to prevent hip fracture within residential care homes are also justified. F alling among older people is a significant problem. [1][2][3][4][5] Approximately 30% of people aged 65 and over living in the community fall each year, half of those do so repeatedly, and an estimated 50% of people aged 85 and over fall each year.

The evidence for the efficacy of HPs is weakening. Low adherence compromises the power of trials to detect a real effect. The literature is inconsistent regarding what factors are associated with adherence. Nevertheless, it suggests that some people who are at increased risk of fracture are more likely to wear HPs. Variations in staff or resident knowledge and attitude towards HPs may explain some variation between homes.