Tolerance of minority beliefs and practices is typically considered a critical ingredient for an equal and diverse society. Psychologically, people can use both intuitive and deliberative cognitive sources to make tolerance judgments. Following dual-process theories, this research uses survey experiments to manipulate intuitive versus deliberative thinking to examine whether deliberative thinking increases tolerance of minority practices. Across three studies using nationally representative samples of Dutch majority members (N = 1,811), we find that deliberative thinking increases tolerance, regardless of whether people deliberate over pragmatic or principled reasons for accepting contested minority practices and social changes. These findings are similar across a range of minority practices and robust across gender, age, educational level, and political orientation. Public Significance StatementThese studies collectively reveal that deliberative thinking increases tolerance of contested practices in society, and this occurs regardless of whether people reflect on pragmatic or principled reasons for accepting such contested practices. Such an understanding provides us with a useful strategy for how to promote acceptance of differences in societies comprising cultural, religious, and ideological diversity.

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Online communities play an important role in spreading public discontent and could contribute to polarization. This study focuses on anti-vaccination views in the Netherlands, which have intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined the structure and development of five Dutch anti-vaccination Telegram groups and studied their interactivity and posting behaviour. Using group-based trajectory modelling, we examined the development of users’ posting behaviour in these groups. We find four posting trajectories across all five groups. A small group of users contributes the majority of posts. Overall, posting frequency declines over time and our results do not show evidence for a group of users whose posting frequency increases. This is taken to indicate that only a small group of users spread their anti-vaccination views through Telegram groups. While social media can reach a broad audience, most users are not necessarily engaged to also actively contribute to the online anti-vaccination community.

Wereldwijd bestaan er zorgen dat de COVID-19-maatregelen hebben geleid tot een toename van huiselijk geweld. In deze studie kijken we naar de huiselijk geweldadviezen die door alle 26 Veilig Thuis-regio's in Nederland zijn geregistreerd. Om te onderzoeken of er verschillen zijn in de geregistreerde omvang, vermoedelijke aard en type adviesvrager van huiselijk geweldadviezen voor, tijdens en na de invoering van de COVID-19-maatregelen vergelijken we data van 2019 met 2020 en 2021. De bevindingen laten een algehele toename van adviesvragen in 2020 en 2021 zien, die niet eenduidig kan worden toegeschreven aan