Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a non-contagious disease, can damage the glucose metabolic system in the body, and is characterized by hyperglycemic conditions. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) and Andrographis herbs (Andrographis paniculata) have been studied to have antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of Moringa leaf ethanol extract (MLEE) and ethanol extract of Andrographis herbs (AHEE) in streptozotocin-induced rats (45 mg/kgBW). The subjects consisted of 32 rats, divided into 8 groups (1 healthy group and 7 type 2 DM groups). The study was conducted for 4 weeks by measuring blood glucose levels in pre-treatment, day 0, 14 and 28 with a single MLEE treatment dose of 300 mg/kgBW, single AHEE 300 mg/kgBW, combination of MLEE and AHEE 150+150 mg/kgBW, 200+100 mg/kgBW, 100 + 200 mg/kgBW, and gliclazide 5 mg/kgBW orally. The results of measurement of fasting blood glucose levels on day 28 showed that administration of gliclazide 5 mg/kg BW, single dose MLEE and AHEE, as well as its combination, had significant differences (p<0.05) compared to the hyperglycemic control group. Pancreatic organ histopathology features in the extract dose group showed that there was a change in the repair of insula Langerhans compared to the hyperglycemic control group which showed necrotic damage due to streptozotocin induction. Combination administration has the same antihyperglycemic effect by single dose extract in diabetic rats within 28 days, which also restore weight loss to normal.

Diarrhea is an increase frequency and decrease consistency of fecal when compared with the bowel condition of normal individuals. The high incidence of acute and chronic diarrhea encourages researchers to keep trying to find new antidiarrheal drugs, especially from plants. The leaves of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) contain tannins which are polyphenolic compounds and has benefits as anantidiarrheal.This study aims to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of moringa leaves as an antidiarrheal by looking at intestinal motility. The extraction process was carried out by maceration method using ethanol 70%..The result research is the average value of the treatment ratio is smaller than the negative control group. The average value of the ratio of the group was given by ethanol extract of moringa leaves at a dose of 9.1 mg / 20 g body weight was 0.664; ethanol extract of moringa leaves at dose of 18.2 mg / 20 g body weight was 0.434 and ethanol extract of moringa leaves at dose of 36.4 mg / 20 g body weight was 0.389. From this value, it is known that the ethanol extract of Moringa leaves has an antidiarrheal effect by inhibiting intestinal motility. The effect of the ethanol extract of Moringa leaves in inhibiting intestinal motility is best at a dose of 36.4 mg / 20 g body weight with an average value ratio of 0.389.

Penggunaan sediaan aromaterapi pada kondisi mual dan muntah bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan keadaan fisik dan psikologi seseorang menjadi lebih baik. Beberapa minyak esensial memiliki efek farmakologi seperti penenang, ketika dihirup melalui rongga hidung dapat merangsang sistem limbik di otak. Peppermint dan lemon termasuk dalam golongan top notes dan lavender termasuk dalam golongan middle notes minyak atsiri, dan golongan base notes seperti minyak nilam dan virgin coconut oil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formulasi sediaan aromaterapi kombinasi (blended) dan evaluasi sediaan, yang dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi kondisi mual dan muntah sebagai terapi non farmakologi. Pembuatan aromaterapi roll on dilakukan dengan menakar bahan sesuai formula kemudian dicampur dalam beaker glass dan di vortex selama 15 menit, selanjutnya dilakukan evaluasi sifat fisik. Hasil uji stabilitas fisik menunjukkan semua formula roll on minyak aromaterapi blended memenuhi syarat uji organoleptik, uji homogenitas, pengukuran derajat keasaman (pH) dan uji daya sebar.Formula F1B sediaan roll on (Kombinasi lavender 40%, lemon 50%, dan VCO 10%) merupakan formula terbaik berdasarkan penampilan fisik organoleptik, derajat keasaman dan uji daya sebar. Kata Kunci: antiemetika; lavender; lemon; peppermint; roll on FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ROLL ON AROMATHERAPY OF BLENDED PEPPERMINT, LAVENDER AND LEMON AS ANTIEMETICS

This research was conducted to identify simplicia microscopically, phytochemical screening and determination of total flavonoid content of extract and ethyl acetate fraction from Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) leaves using UV-Visible Spectrophotometry method. The experimental design used in this study was to perform microscopic identification of Moringa leaf powder simplicia, make 96% and 70% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves from 70% ethanol extract, then carry out phytochemical screening and determination of total flavonoid content with quercetin standards. Phytochemical screening on the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves included tests for the content of flavonoids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids. The results of microscopic identification of Moringa leaf simplicia showed the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the form of rosettes, mesophyll and stomata. The result of determination of total flavonoid content in 96% ethanol extract was 16.69 ± 0.74% (w/w), 70% ethanol extract was 10.84 ± 0.49% (w/w), Moringa leaf ethyl acetate fraction 14 .45 ± 0.90% (w/w). The highest total flavonoid content was found in the 96% ethanol extract of Moringa leaves in accordance with the 2017 Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, that the thick extract of Moringa leaves containing no less than 6.30% (w/w) total flavonoids was calculated as quercetin.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a normal flora that can cause mild skin infections, one of which is acne. Commonly used chemical treatments are antibiotics such as Clindamycin. Continuous use of antibiotics can lead to resistance. Natural ingredients that are possible can inhibit the growth of bacteria. Treatment caused by S.aureus is Ulva lactuca Linn. (Green algae). This marine biota contains compounds that have the potential to be antibacterial, including triterpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins. This study aims to compare antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Ulva lactuca and Clindamycin against S. aureus bacteria. This type of research is an experimental laboratory. Ulva lactuca was extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96% solvent. Then carried out testing for antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method by sump technique. The study was divided into 6 groups. One Clindamycin group and 5 treatment groups respectively with extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The test was carried out in 3 repetitions. Data analysis was processed by SPSS using the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine which groups had difference. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Ulva lactuca was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria with strong categories at concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60%. Very strong category at 80% and 100% concentrations. The 100% concentration had the largest average inhibition zone diameter of 22 ± 0.577 mm which was not significantly different from Clindamycin with a significance value of 0.043 (p <0.05). This study concludes that the ethanolic extract of Ulva lactuca has activity in inhibiting the growth of S.aureus bacteria with strong to very strong categories, but statistically not as strong as Clindamycin