In Part II of this review of pediatric dermoscopy, we will focus on the use of dermoscopy for non-melanocytic tumors, skin infections, and inflammatory rashes. Dermoscopy is a valuable tool in confirming the vascular nature of a growth and can help determine if an infantile hemangioma is at risk of ulceration. In addition, dermoscopy helps evaluate solitary papules when the diagnosis is in question. Sometimes, when our naked eye examination is unable to distinguish between entities, dermoscopy improves diagnostic accuracy to allow for appropriate management. 1 2 | VA SCUL AR AND LYMPHATI C LE S I ON S 2.1 | Infantile hemangiomas and angiokeratomas Infantile hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors that appear within the first few weeks of life. They are marked by an initial proliferative phase, followed by spontaneous involution. 2,6 Dermoscopically, hemangiomas appear as well-demarcated, round-ovoid structures composed of red lacunae, or lakes of blood, separated by white septae. 3 Dermoscopy is useful in helping to subclassify hemangiomas as superficial, deep, or mixed. 3 The lacunae in superficial hemangiomas are bright red in color, whereas those in deeper hemangiomas are marked by a blue or violaceous hue (Figure 1). 2,3 The dermoscopic findings of hemangiomas are the same as in cherry angiomas. Spider angiomas have a central red lobular appearance with arborizing thin red lines, which are easily blanchable with the dermatoscope. 4 Dermoscopy also aids in the management of infantile hemangiomas. The white color associated with impending ulceration is much easier to see with dermoscopy and in some cases might allow for expedited treatment initiation when this cannot be appreciated with the naked eye. 5 Angiokeratomas are characterized by lacunae. However, the lacunae tend to have a more violaceous hue and may have more color variability within a single lesion (red, maroon, and blue). Black lacunae are also possible and represent areas of local thrombosis.

The value of dermoscopy in the detection of skin cancer is well established. Less is published on the utility of dermoscopy in the evaluation of pediatric skin disease. Our review (in two parts) aims to serve as an update on pediatric dermoscopy and to provide readers with a practical application for the use of dermoscopy in pediatric dermatology clinics. In part I, we propose a dermoscopy algorithm for pediatric skin disease and melanocytic growths, and in part II, we address vascular growths, common skin infections, and inflammatory conditions for which dermoscopy is valuable.

Purpose: Aging is one of the most important risk factors for a number of human diseases. Epigenetic alterations, including changes in DNA methylation patterns, have been reported to be one of the hallmarks of aging. Being a malleable process, the role of site-specific DNA methylation in aging is being extensively investigated; however, much less attention has been given to alterations in global DNA methylation with aging at the population level. The present study aims to explore overall and sex-specific variations in global DNA methylation patterns with age.Methods: A total of 1,127 adult individuals (792 females) aged 30–75 years belonging to Haryana, North India, were recruited. Socio-demographic data was collected using a pretested interview schedule. Global DNA methylation analysis, of peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) DNA, was performed using the ELISA-based colorimetric technique.Results: Though the overall correlation analysis revealed a weak inverse trend between global DNA methylation and age, the adjusted regression model showed no significant association between global DNA methylation and age. In age-stratified analysis, global DNA methylation levels were found to be fairly stable until 60 years of age, followed by a decline in the above-60 age group. Further, no significant difference in DNA patterns methylation pattern was observed between males and females.Conclusion: Overall, the study suggests a lack of association between global DNA methylation and age, especially until 60 years of age, and a similar DNA methylation pattern between males and females with respect to age.