Metal stent placement is an effective treatment for inoperable malignant distal common bile duct obstruction, but Tannenbaum stent placement is a cost-saving strategy, as compared with metal stent placement, especially for patients with liver metastases and expected short survival time.

Combined endoscopic techniques seem to be more effective in preventing postpolypectomy bleeding in large pedunculated colonic polyps.

Background and aims This study aimed to compare real-world clinical effectiveness and safety of vedolizumab, an α4β7-integrin inhibitor, and anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (anti-TNFα) agents in biologic-naïve ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. Methods This was a 24-month retrospective medical chart study in adult UC and CD patients treated with vedolizumab or anti-TNFα in Canada, Greece and the United States. Inverse probability weighting was used to account for differences between groups. Primary outcomes were cumulative rates of clinical effectiveness (clinical response, clinical remission, mucosal healing) and incidence rates of serious adverse events (SAEs) and serious infections (SIs). Secondary outcomes included cumulative rates of treatment persistence (patients who did not discontinue index treatment during follow-up) and dose escalation and incidence rates of disease exacerbations and disease-related surgeries. Adjusted analyses were performed using inverse probability weighting. Results A total of 1095 patients (604 UC, 491 CD) were included. By 24 months, rates of clinical effectiveness were similar between groups, but incidence rates of SAEs (HR=0.42 [0.28-0.62]) and SIs (HR=0.40 [0.19-0.85]) were significantly lower in vedolizumab vs anti-TNFα patients. Rates of treatment persistence (p<0.01) by 24 months were higher in vedolizumab patients with UC. Incidence rates of disease exacerbations were lower in vedolizumab patients with UC (HR=0.58 [0.45-0.76]). Other outcomes did not significantly differ between groups. Conclusion In this real-world setting, first-line biologic therapy in biologic-naïve patients with UC and CD demonstrated that vedolizumab and anti-TNFα treatments were equally effective at controlling disease symptoms, but vedolizumab has a more favourable safety profile.

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