Animal manure is an important source of anthropogenic GHG (greenhouse gas): methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The livestock contributes with 37% of global CH 4 emission. The sources of GHG (CO 2 and CH 4 ) are the liquid manure or slurry storage and the compact solid manure. Measurement systems of GHG emission are important for the selection of the appropriate technology. By using the closed chamber method for soil, landfills, volcanoes etc., the present study evaluates the estimation of total emissions of methane and carbon dioxide from an experimental farm in Cluj County, Romania. The investigated area covered with sheep solid manure was about 579 m 2 and ~5 cm thick, for cattle was about 12 m 2 and 5 m thick and for swine was about 1.5 m 5 and 0.5 m thick. The total methane emission measured for sheep manure was 0.83 t CH 4 /year and for cattle manure was 0.185 t CH 4 / year. The total carbon dioxide emission measured for sheep manure was 61.3 t CO 2 /year and for cattle manure was 4.7 t CO 2 /year. The measurement for pigs manure was high and this could be due to the freshness of the manure. The estimated emissions showed that a considerable amount of CH 4 and CO 2 is produced also by an experimental farm and an appropriate management of manure is important for reducing greenhouse gas. In this respect, we believe that the future solution for a green economy is to use manure in biogas plants.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology that can be used to evaluate the environmental performance of municipal solid waste management systems (MSWMS). Despite of Waste Directive provisions, this methodology is insufficiently applied as a decision-support method able to identify the best option for the waste management in Romania. In this paper we applied LCA methodology to study of the municipal waste management system of Cluj County, supported by GaBi software. The aim of this study is to identify the most environmentally friendly waste management scenario. To fulfill this goal, four different MSWMS scenarios have been developed and applied for Cluj County. Scenario #1 represents the current MSW management status in the area of concern, involving the commingled collection systems, transportation and landfilling, while in case of the second Scenario assumes the inclusion of composting, which is applied for the wet part of the MSW, in order to obtain a similar product as the compost (SPC). The quality of SPC is not so good, but the product can be used at least as covering material for landfill rehabilitation (the existing old landfills) or other contaminated areas such as forests, mines, quarries. Scenario #3 integrates the recycling options for the recyclable materials. In Scenario #4 incineration was added for the residual waste defined as "other waste" (household hazardous waste). The Life Cycle Inventory analysis was carried out by using the GaBi4 software. The environmental impacts of these four scenarios were analyzed with respect to the global warming potential (the highest value was 9.34E+20 kg equiv. CO2 for Scenario 1 and the lowest value was -1.44E+21 kg equiv. CO2 for Scenario 4, the negative value reflecting an avoided impact on the environment), acidification potential (the highest value was 2.68E+15 kg equiv. SO2 for Scenario 1 and the lowest value was -9.63E+16 for the Scenario 4), eutrophication potential (the highest value was 6.30E+14 kg equiv. PO4 for Scenario 4 and the lowest value was 1.60E+14 kg equiv. PO4 for Scenario 1), human toxicity potential (the highest value was 4.26E+08 kg equiv. DCB for Scenario 1 and the lowest value was -2.00E+11 kg equiv. DCB for Scenario 4), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (the highest value was 9.86E+05 kg equiv. DCB and the lowest value was -2.00E+11 kg equiv. DCB) and photochemical ozone creation potential (the highest value was 1.57E+15 kg equiv. ethene and the lowest value was -7.50E+16 kg equiv. ethene). The results revealed that Scenario #4 can be identified as the most environmentally friendly one, due to the good results regarding all environmental impacts and higher energy recovery (1.90E+09 MJ for Scenario 4 compared to 7.78E+07 MJ for Scenario 2). In all scenarios, the generated impact for the global warming category has a dominant contribution and the impact on eutrophication potential play an important role. In this study the waste management scenarios were investigated only by the environmental point of view and for the ec...

In the European Union, the hazardous waste recycling has become a priority, as response at legal prohibition for landfilling of untreated WEEE. The economic and eco-efficient recycling methods acquire more and more interest from the industry. The Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) glass derived from Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) dismantle is known as hazardous waste, because of their heavy metals content, especially lead. For this type of waste, the authors have proposed in previous studies a green recycling method by embedding it in cement matrix. The purpose of this study is to obtain unconventional mortars with different ratio of CRT waste glass as substituent of natural aggregates, and to compare their mechanical strength with another original CRT composite one. The goal was to demonstrate the viability of the new CRT materials, obtained under the mortars EU Standard provisions, in order to enlarge the possibilities to recycle this type of waste. Mechanical tests and SEM analyses have been performed. The results showed that mechanical strength decreased with the increasing of CRT waste amounts; whereas the new original composite's mechanical properties are higher than the standard mortar. Nevertheless, the CRT "mortar" mechanical properties allow a comparison with plastering mortar even 100% of natural aggregates were substituted. This type of mortars represents an environmentally friendly option for WEEE recycling.

The purposes of incineration are basically to reduce the volume of the waste, to utilize the energy content and to destroy harmful compounds in the waste. In this work the environmental impact of incinerator plants solidified bottom ash is studied. The case study is based on hazardous waste incineration plant from Cluj-Napoca. The obtained ash, the source, the concentration and distribution of heavy metals during the ash management pathway is observed. The destination for landfill or cement industry, also other residual ash management possibilities are studied. The heavy metal content of slag varies by waste type, but is in general considerable higher than the concentration in soil. As for certain heavy metals in the waste, incineration can't limit the release of the metals to the environment. Modern waste treatment technologies are developed to ensure low release of heavy metals to the environment.

The main purpose of this paper is to identify, highlight and analyze the recycling possibilities for the activated glass derived from the treatment of the cathode ray tubes (CRT) waste equipment and to demonstrate the recycling viability, economical and environment protection efficiency. A total of 95 pieces of waste electronic equipments (TVs and PC monitors) were processed and a number of five TVs and five PC monitors from the '95s were analyzed. Significant quantities of lead were contained in the funnel area of the CRTs. The samples for funnel glass produced an average concentration of 1.4 mg/kg lead which exceeds the regulatory limit of 0.2 mg/kg.The results of the testing shows the Romanian WEEE flow and composition, that could be for all actors involved in environmental protection a base to establish the proper CRT glass recycling way.