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The coastal region of southwest Saudi Arabia contains a thick sequence of Late Oligocene basalts in the Jizan Group, which accumulated along the continental rift that preceded the opening of the Red Sea. These basalts are targeted for the disposal of CO2 emitted from industrial sources by subsurface carbon mineralization processes. The disposal potential of the Jizan Group basalts depends on having adequate permeability along fracture networks capable of conducting injected fluids away from the wellbores. The basalts in the Jizan Group generally lack primary permeability due to hydrothermal alteration, but are cross-cut by a dense network of fractures. In this paper, we describe and interpret the structural geology of the area based on field and geophysical data, and characterize the fracture development in the Jizan Group. The Jizan Group in the area comprises a bimodal suite of 30–21 Ma volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and lacustrine sediments that accumulated in a continental rift valley similar to the East African rift. It consists predominantly of basaltic lavas that were fed by dense swarms of sheeted basalt dikes intruded parallel to the rift axis. Structurally the area is composed of half grabens bounded from the west by antithetic normal faults, and from the east by a megaflexure. Fractures in the Jizan Group were characterized by ground and aerial digital photogrammetry of outcrops. Mean P21 fracture intensities from 12 scattered meter scale outcrops are in the range 5–54 m−1, which demonstrates that the Jizan Group is highly fractured. Fracture directions are multimodal. The dominant fracture trend is 140–160 N, which is parallel to the sheeted dike swarms and normal faults, and therefore parallel to the paleo-rift axis. Additional conjugate and orthogonal fracture sets are also recognized. The presence of pervasive fracture-based permeability in the Jizan Group will facilitate the injection and mineral carbonation of carbon dioxide in the mafic volcanic rocks in this region.

A transparent polymer film with embedded micro mirrors is developed, and it can be attached to a window glass pane for daylighting, improving visual comfort and reducing cooling load in buildings by redirecting sunlight. Despite existing cutting-edge techniques, the fabrication of large-area, linear micro structured surfaces combining high aspect ratio, curve sidewalls and a controlled shape remains challenging. In order to solve the problem, a novel mechanical scanning engraving method using blades with micro-teeth of desired patterns on soft substrates is developed. The usage of a blade enables the combination of high aspect ratio with almost any closed profile. Such blades can be obtained in a large variety of shapes using UV-LIGA technology which combines photolithography and electroforming. Master molds were prepared and the following steps of micro UV-imprinting from the master molds are also introduced. The present work confirms the feasibility of the fabrication for parabolic sidewall microstructures of aspect ratio of 3.8 and 6.7 with good controlled shapes. With a scanning speed of 0.15 m/min, the method is proven to be efficient and appropriate for large-area microstructured fabrication.