The coastal region of southwest Saudi Arabia contains a thick sequence of Late Oligocene basalts in the Jizan Group, which accumulated along the continental rift that preceded the opening of the Red Sea. These basalts are targeted for the disposal of CO2 emitted from industrial sources by subsurface carbon mineralization processes. The disposal potential of the Jizan Group basalts depends on having adequate permeability along fracture networks capable of conducting injected fluids away from the wellbores. The basalts in the Jizan Group generally lack primary permeability due to hydrothermal alteration, but are cross-cut by a dense network of fractures. In this paper, we describe and interpret the structural geology of the area based on field and geophysical data, and characterize the fracture development in the Jizan Group. The Jizan Group in the area comprises a bimodal suite of 30–21 Ma volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and lacustrine sediments that accumulated in a continental rift valley similar to the East African rift. It consists predominantly of basaltic lavas that were fed by dense swarms of sheeted basalt dikes intruded parallel to the rift axis. Structurally the area is composed of half grabens bounded from the west by antithetic normal faults, and from the east by a megaflexure. Fractures in the Jizan Group were characterized by ground and aerial digital photogrammetry of outcrops. Mean P21 fracture intensities from 12 scattered meter scale outcrops are in the range 5–54 m−1, which demonstrates that the Jizan Group is highly fractured. Fracture directions are multimodal. The dominant fracture trend is 140–160 N, which is parallel to the sheeted dike swarms and normal faults, and therefore parallel to the paleo-rift axis. Additional conjugate and orthogonal fracture sets are also recognized. The presence of pervasive fracture-based permeability in the Jizan Group will facilitate the injection and mineral carbonation of carbon dioxide in the mafic volcanic rocks in this region.

<p>Fault plane attitude and dimension are important parameters for deriving seismotectonic information or input data for earthquake hazard assessment and in this sense a complete 3D view and characterization of geological and structural elements is essential. However, there is always a trade-off between structural complexity and data availability at the scale of the designed application.</p><p>In the last few years, merging public and confidential seismic reflection profiles and borehole data, were used in order to carry out a 3D reconstruction of fault planes and Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphic horizons in the northern Adriatic Sea, at the front of the northern Apennine fold-and-thrust belt and associated foredeep. The study area straddles the Italian coastline and subsurface data interpretation allowed us to reconstruct the structural setting of both onshore and offshore structures. Although it is known that this area has low rates of active tectonic deformation, it hosts important seismogenic faults associated with instrumental seismicity and historical earthquakes.</p><p>The dense distribution of seismic reflection profiles allowed us to perform an accurate 3D reconstruction of almost 50 fault planes, of different dimensions and order of importance. Their geometrical and structural features helped to define the most recent tectonic phases. To this end, we also mapped several Plio-Pleistocene regional unconformities and integrated them with previously published reconstructions of key horizons.</p><p>In some cases, where further published data were available, it was also possible to perform detailed cross sections whose restoration allowed us to reconstruct the post-Miocene (5.33 Ma) slip-rate history of some important tectonic structures with a detail of ~1 Ma. The 3D geological model revealed several structural features like fault continuity and terminations, level of connectivity, presence of lateral ramps, along strike variations of displacement that could not be fully addressed using cross sections alone.</p>

<p>This study aims to characterize fracture permeability in altered Oligocene-Early Miocene basalts of the Jizan Group, which accumulated in half grabens during the continental rift stage of Red Sea evolution. Unlike fresh basalts, the Jizan Group was affected by low temperature hydrothermal metamorphism, which plugged the original matrix porosity in vesicles, breccias, and interflow layers with alteration minerals. On the other hand, the basalts are pervasively shattered by open closely spaced fractures in several directions. Characterization of these fractures is essential to reducing the fracture permeability uncertainty for mineral carbonation by the dissolved CO2 process such as Carbfix.<br>Conventional measurements of fracture orientations and densities were initially taken at outcrops of the Jizan Group to characterize the fracture network. Photogrammetry of drone images covering larger areas were then used to create 3D models of the outcrops using Agisoft Metashape, which were analyzed for fracture geometries using Cloud Compare. The automated analysis of fracture orientations and densities compared well with conventional manual measurements. This gives confidence in semi-automated dronebased fracture characterization techniques in 3D, which are faster and less labor intensive, especially for characterization of large and difficult to reach outcrops.<br>Our fracture characterization will be used to construct 3D fracture permeability models of the Jizan Group for combined physical and chemical simulation of injection of dissolved CO2 from industrial sources into basalts. This will provide essential parameters to mitigate geological risks and to determine depth, spacing, and injection rates in CO2 disposal wells.</p>