International audienceAllocutivity is a term coined to describe a phenomenon in Basque whereby, in certain pragmatic (and syntactic) circumstances, an addressee who is not an argument of the verb is systematically encoded in all declarative main clause conjugated verb forms. Although the term has been exclusively applied to Basque, similar phenomena are found in other languages as well. Indeed, despite certain differences in the degree of grammaticalization and usage, allocutive verb forms are attested in at least Pumé (isolate; Venezuela), Nambikwara (isolate; Brazil), Mandan (Siouan; North America), and Beja (Cushitic; Northeast Africa). The aim of this article is to propose a typology of verbal allocutivity in a crosslinguistic perspective, taking into consideration the locus of encoding, the manner in which it is encoded, the information concerning the addressee which is encoded, and the syntactic environments in which it can appear

International audienceThe term ‘inverse’ has been used in the typological literature to designate a considerable variety of phenomena, which have been analyzed in several distinct frameworks. Direct– inverse systems are attested in a number of endangered languages spoken in the Americas(Algonquian, Mapudungun, Sahaptian, etc.) and the Himalayas (Sino-Tibetan).The aim of this article is to provide an overview of direct/inverse systems in a perspective as free as possible from framework-specic assumptions using the most recent data and adopting both a typological and a historical perspective. It is divided into four sections.First, we propose a definition of the canonical direct/inverse system and introduce the concepts of proximate/obviative and referential hierarchies.Second, we present examples of attested direct/inverse systems in the world’s languages by subdividing them into two main categories: near-canonical and highly non-canonical, and additionally discussing systems with hierarchical agreement but without direction (direct/inverse) marking.Third, we evaluate to what extent direct/inverse systems are correlated with other typo-logical features.Fourth, we apply a panchronic perspective on direct/inverse systems, studying their attested origin and their evolution and how the diachronic pathways can help understand the present data